Ecclesiastical Latin | Learn to read the Bible in Latin

4. Pronunciation

The pronunciation rules we discussed here are of Ecclesiastical Latin preserved by the Roman Catholic Church. These rules are distinguished from those of Classical Latin reconstructed since the 19th century.

The following pronunciation symbols will be used for a visual representation of speech sounds:

[a] as in "palm"
[e] as in "desk"
[i] as in "king"
[o] as in "joy"
[u] as in "book"
[b] as in "boy"
[k] as in "kind"
[d] as in "dance"
[f] as in "fate"
[g] as in "gift"
[j] as in "year"
[l] as in "love"
[m] as in "mother"

[n] as in "night"
[ɲ] as in "monsignor"
[p] as in "peace"
[r] as in "royal"
[s] as in "son"
[ʃ] as in "shadow"
[t] as in "time"
[tʃ] as in "charity"
[v] as in "vision"
[w] as in "wonder"
[ks] as in "expect"
[dʒ] as in "justice"
[ø] indicates silence.

4.1. Vowels and Consonants

Vowel letters and consonant letters and their basic sounds (ie. they can be pronounced differently) are as follows (Diphthongs will be explained below):

vowels	a [a], e [e], i [i], o [o], u [u], y [i]
	diphthongs	ae [e], ai [ai], au [au], ei [ei], eu [eu], oe [e], ou [ou], ui [ui]
consonants		b [b], c [k], d [d], f [f], g [g], h [ø], j [j], k [k], l [l], m [m], n [n], p [p], q [q], r [r], s [s], t [t], v [v], x [ks], z [dʒ]

Note that diphthongs are vowels.

Vowel letter and vowel sound should be distinguished (likewise consonant letter and consonant sound):

"y" is a consonant letter, but is a vowel sound.
"ae" is two vowel letters but is one vowel sound.

Silent "h" is considered a consonant.

"j" sounds like "y" in English. "j" forms one sound with a vowel that follows it. In Clementine Vulgate, "j" is always followed by a vowel, never by a consonant. "j" does not come at the end of a word. When followed by "i," it sounds like simply "i." So "ji" is sometimes written as "i." For example:

abjicere = abicere dejici = deici

"q" is always followed by "u."

"r" is trilled.

"y" is considered as a vowel. It never occurs as a consonant.

Read the following words aloud paying special attention to correct pronunciation (These words include all sounds illustrated above except for "q [q]" and "w [u]" whose examples will be given later):

Deus [Deus], autem [autem], lux [luks], creavit [kreavit], herbam [øerbam], agri [agri], Joakim [joakim], fons [fons], Babylon [babilon], poenituit [penituit], Joakim [joakim], meis [meis], azyma [adzma]

The silence symbol [ø] is omitted, unless necessary.

4.2. Rules of Pronunciation

The following rules explain the way vowels and consonants are pronounced in peculiar ways.

Double consonants are pronounced doubly. But the first consonant is pronounced softly. A slight pause between the two is made but without a break:

sabbati [sabbati], commota [commota], oppidum [oppidum], abyssi [abssi]

Double vowels are also pronounced doubly:

deerat [deerat], filii [filii], suum [suum]

Double vowles and consonants are called "geminate" vowels and consonants.

"bs" is pronounced like [ps]:

abstulit [apstulit], obsecro [opsekro], urbs [urps]

"bt" is pronounced like [pt]:

subter [supter], obturo [opturo]

"c" before [e] and [i] is pronounced [tʃ], otherwise [k]:

cena [tʃena], circa [tʃirka], Caesar [tʃesar], coepit [tʃepit]
cf. caput [kaput], cur [kur], coram [koram]

"cc" between [e]’s and [i]’s is is pronounced [ttʃ]:

ecce [ettʃe], sicci [sittʃi]
cf. Ecclesiates [ekklesiates], peccatum [pekkatum], vacca [vakka], cocco [kokko], succumbed [sukkumbed]

"ch" is pronounced [k]:

Chanaan [Kanaan], Sichem [sikem], machina [makina], Jericho [jeriko], bruchus [brukus]

"g" before [e] and [i] is pronounced [dʒ]:

genitor [dʒenitor], magi [madʒi], caligae [kalidʒe], Aegyptum [edʒiptum]

"g" followed by "n" is pronounced [ɲ]. "g" is silent:

cognovit [coɲovit], ligna [liɲa], signa [siɲa]

"gu" is pronounced [gw] when it is preceded by "n" and is followed by a vowel ("u" pronounced as [w] is not considered vowel and is called semiconsonantal):

lingua [linqwa], sanguis [sangwis]
cf. arguis [arguis], angulus [angulus]

"h" is pronounced [k] in the following two words, and silent elsewhere (Silent "h" is still considered a consonant). It is because these words were previously written as "nichil" and "michi":

nihil [nikil], mihi [miki]
cf. Ammihel [ammiel], nihilo [niilo]

"ph" is pronounced [f]:

Ephron [efron], sulphur [sulfur]

"ps" is pronounced [s]:

psallam [sallam], Psalmus [salmus]

"qu" is pronounced [kw]:

aqua [aqwa], qui [kwi], quod [kwod], quum [kwum]

"sc" before [e] and [i] is pronounced [ʃ].

vescendum [vaʃendum], piscibus [piʃibus], scyphus [ʃifus]
cf. pascue [paskue], irascaris [iraskaris], cognosco [koɲosko], auscultate [auskultate]

"su" followed by "av" is pronounced [sw]:

suavis [swavis], suave [swave]
cf. suas [suas], sui [sui], suo, prosuerit [prosuerit]

"th" is pronounced [t] because "h" is silent.

cithara [tʃitara], Bethel [betel]

"ti" followed by a vowel and not preceded by [s] and [t] is pronounced [ts] with [s] being hard. [ts] and [tʃ] differ:

depricatio [depricatsio], patientia [patsientsia], gratia [gratsia], negotiatio [negotsiatsio]
cf. constitution [konstitutsion], Laetitia [letitsia], hostia [hostia], quaestio [qwuetio], dimittite [dimittite]

When "ti" is pronounced [ts], it is written in some texts as "ci." For example, "emptitius" may be written as:

empticius

"xc" before [e] and [i] is pronounced [kʃ]:

excelsis [ekʃelsis], excidant [exʃidant], excaecavit [exʃecavit]
cf. excavant [ekskavant], excussorum [ekskusorum], excors [ekskors]

4.3. Diphthongs

Diphthongs, syllabication, accentuation, etc. are modern linguistic attempts to illustrate ancient pronunciation. These do not define Ecclesiastical Latin pronunciation. So a brief introduction to their basic concepts suffices for your information.

Diphthong is a combination of two (different) adjacent vowel sounds. A diphthong is considered one long vowel unit.

The following combinations are considered diphthongs:

ae [e], ai [ai], au [au], eu [eu], oe [e], ou [ou]

For example:

caelum [tʃelum], ait [ait], pauper [pauper], eis [eis], eum [eum], coelicus [tʃelikus], coutuntur [countuntur]

"oe (œ)" is pronounced in the same way as "e," so sometimes it was alternatively written as such. Take for example a word from Lk 7.41:

fœneratori (1685 Clementine Vulgate)
feneratori (Nova Vulgata, Stuttgart)

"oe (œ)" is also pronounced in the same way as "ae (æ)," so sometimes it was alternatively written as such as well:

fœneratori = faeneratori

As discussed above, "u" can be a consonant sound In such cases, "ui" is not a diphthong:

linguis [lingwis], aquis [akwis]

"ui" forms a diphthong only in the following words in Clementine Vulgate:

cui [kui], , hui [ui], huic [uik]

In Classical Latin, variants of these words also form diphthong:

cuius [kuius], huius [uius]

But in Clementine Vulgate, they are written as follows so diphthongs are not formed:

cujus [cujus], hujus [hujus]

A diphthong can be elongated when sung because several notes may be sung on it. Then the vocalization of the first vowel is elongated.

au [a - - - u]
au [au - - -] (x)

4.4. Syllabication

One vowel sound (or a diphthong) forms one syllable, with or without consonant(s).

Parts of a compound word belong to different syllables:

sub + ter = sub∙ter [supter]

Two consecutive vowels are divided into two syllables, unless they are a diphthong:

cre∙o [kreo], pi∙us [pius], tua [tu∙a]

As mentioned above, [w] is considered a consonant, so it does not form a syllable for itself:

a∙qua [akqwa], sua∙vis [swavis]

Division is usually made between two consecutive consonant sounds (not letters):

fac∙ta [fakta], ec∙ce [etʃe], sul∙phur [sulfur], ma∙gnus [maɲus], mi∙nis∙ter [minister]

When a consonant is placed between vowels, the consonant goes with the vowel that follows it:

a∙mor [amor], ca∙li∙go [kaligo], me∙mo∙ri∙a [memoria]

When a vowel is positioned between consonants, if two or more consonants follow the vowel, then division is made after the first consonant:

san∙ctus [sanktus], ul∙tra [ultra]

This rule is not applied when parts of a compound word is divided:

de + scribe = de∙scribo [deskribo] (not des∙cribe)

Except for in those three words (cui, hui, huic) given above, "ui" does not form a diphthong:

cir∙cu∙it [tʃirkuit], fu∙it [fuit]

If the second vowel of a diphthong is marked with two dots (¨) over it (this mark is called "diaeresis," or "dieresis"), it forms a separate syllable:

A∙lo∙ë [aloe] (otherwise, A∙loe [ale]), No∙ë [noe] (otherwise, Noe [ne])

The last syllable of a word is called "ultima." The syllable preceding the ultima (ie. the second-to-last syllable) is called penultmate syllable. Penultmate syllable is called "penult." The syllable preceding the penult is called antepenultimate syllable. Antepenultmate syllable is called "antepenult."

a word = ... + antepenult + penult + ultima

4.5. Accent

Latin words can be pronounced with a stress accent.

Three accent symbols have been used to indicate the stressed syllable:

acute accent ´
grave accent `
circumflex accent ˆ

Acute indicates a high pitch sound. Grave indicates a low (or natural) pitch. Circumflex is a combination of the rising and sinking inflections of pitch on the same sound.

Accent symbols are not used in Vulgate texts.

Accent falls on a vowel:

cóntra, sémino, díco

One syllable-word is always considered stressed, ie. its vowel is always stressed (For this reason, one syllable-words are not marked with accent symbols):

ét, nóx, sít

For two-syllable words, the accent falls on the penultimate syllable. There is no exception to this rule, so accent symbols are often omitted for two-syllable words:

ánnus, bónus

If a word has more than two syllables, the accent falls on either the penultimate or antepenultimate syllable:

áridus, bitúmen, firmaméntum, impérium, pópulus, philosóphia, univérsus

The last syllable of multi-syllable words is never stressed.

In this grammar, accent marks will not be used, unless necessary.

4.6. Enclitic

There are few words that are attached at the end of another word. These words are called "enclitics" (It is a word from Greek meaning "to lean on." English has enclitics as well, eg. ‘s, ‘m, ‘nt, etc.). Most common enclitics are:

que: filioque (filio + que)
ne: putasne (putsa + ne)
ve: triduumve (triduum + ve)

When an enclitic is added to a word, a change in stress can take place. Usually the accent falls on the penultimate. Enclitics are never accented.

The function of an enclitic is explained below.

4.7. Long Vowels

Vowels can be pronounced either long or short.

Long vowels are marked by a straight bar (¯) placed above a vowel (This bar is called a "macron"):

posteā, dēbita, līberō, sānō, cūra

Macrons are not used in Vulgate texts.

In classical Latin, a symbol called "apex" was used to mark long vowels. Apex is similar in form to the acute accent but is longer and various in shape. Apex was used with "a," "e," "o," u," but not with "i." A long "i" was written taller or doubled instead. "ii" is found in the text of Clementine Vulgate provided in this website. But Nova Vulgata and Stuttgart do not use double "ii" to indicate a long "i." For example:

abiisse (Clementine Vulgate)
abisse (Nova Vulgata, Stuttgart Vulgate)

In the dictionary, a macron is used instead:

abīsse

For the purpose of contrast, a short vowel is sometimes marked with a symbol (˘) called "breve" in conjunction with the macron.

A syllable which has a long vowel becomes a long (or heavy) syllable, and a syllable which has a short vowel becomes a short (or light) syllable.

Diphthongs are considered long. But diphthongs are not marked with accent symbols:

caelum, audio, meum, poena, boum

There can be cases where the length of vowel can help to determine the exact meaning of a word. For example:

venit (he/she/it is coming)
vēnit (he/she/it came/has come)
malum (n. evil, a. evil)
mālum (n. apple)
liber (n. book)
līber (a. free, n. free people)
cēperis (you will have captured)
cēperīs (you may have captured)

But the context usually helps determine the meaning. Take, for example, a Biblical verse (Gn 3.20) which has "venit." Because the Vulgate texts do not use a macron, "venit" could mean either "venit" or "vēnit." So the verse can be translated in two ways as follows:

Venit autem Deus ad Abimelech per somnium noctis et ait ei.
→ But God is coming to Abimelech during a dream of the night and said to him.
→ But God came to Abimelech during a dream of the night and said to him.

But the context of the sentence tells us that the second is a better interpretation.

In later discussion on the verbal conjugation, the long vowel will be used to identify different types of conjugation.

6. Noun I

Nouns are inflected for case and number.

6.1. Genders

There are three genders of nouns (abbreviations in parentheses):

masculine (m.)
feminine (f.)
neuter (neut.)

The gender of a noun does not necessarily coincide with its biological gender. Such gender is called "grammatical gender."

The dictionary entry for a noun, for example, indicates its gender as follows (As introduced above, a noun is inflected according to its case system and number. In what follows, the nouns provided as examples are nominative, which is a convention of grammar, unless otherwise indicated. A noun in the nominative case can serve several functions in a sentence. The cases of nouns are discussed later in more detail):

frater m. brother
filia f. daughter
nomen neut. name

There are nouns, very rarely, whose gender change depending on what they mean. For example:

pecus f. (individual) animal, beast
pecus neut. (collectively) a group of animal

There are homonyms. For example:

malus, mali f. fruit tree
malus, mali m. mast of a ship, beam, pole

All nouns have a gender (one of three genders). Exceptionally, a few nouns are used as more than one gender. So a noun may have:

(1) a fixed gender
(2) multiple genders regardless of the context
or (3) a gender determined by the context

6.1.1. Fixed Gender

The gender of almost all nouns is a given independently of the context in which they are used. In other words, the gender of most nouns are "fixed," or intrinsic.

The genders of the nouns given above as examples are fixed ones. The gender of these nouns are reasonable because it is based on the biological nature of the nouns. Other examples are:

Petrus m. Peter
puer m. boy
Maria f. Mary
mater f. mother

But, as mentioned above, the grammatical gender of a noun does not necessarily coincide with its biological gender. So biologically gender-neutral nouns can be any gender grammatically, although when a noun is (biological) gender-related, its grammatical gender usually matches it:

angelus m. angel
paradisus m. paradise
vesper m. evening
ira f. anger
lux f. light
urbs f. city
bellum neut. war
canticum neut. song
mane neut. morning

So basically the gender of each noun must be memorized. But, as will be illustrated, the ending form of a noun can give some clues to predict its gender though this is not always the case.

6.1.2. Multiple Gender

And there is a small number of nouns whose genders are not fixed. These nouns are subdivided into two groups. Some are used as more than one gender regardless of the context. And there are some whose genders are determined by the context. The following is some examples of nouns that can be used as more than one gender regardless of the context in which they are use. ie. The gender of these nouns (mostly inanimate/non-living things) is uncertain. Different writers treated their genders differently, and even one and the same writer’s treatment of their genders are inconsistent:

dies m./f. day
exul m./f. exile
ficus m./f. fig tree
vulgus m./neut. common people, the public

6.1.3. Context-Determined Gender

For some nouns (mostly animate/living beings), their genders are determined within the context in which they used, depending on what they actually refers to (The gender of these nouns is sometimes called "common gender"). For example:

accola m./f. neighbor
advena, advenae m/f. outsider, foreigner
canis m./f. dog
civis m./f. citizen
conviva m./f. guest
dux m./f. leader
heres m./f. heir
hospes m./f. guest
hostis m./f. enemy
infans m./f. infant
martyr m./f. martyr
nemo m./f. nobody
pavo m./f. peafowl
sacerdos m/f. priest
sus m./f. pig
verna m./f. slave

These nouns can be translated into a word to reflect their genders. For example:

heres m. heir
heres f. heiress
pavo m. peacock
pavo f. peahen
sacerdos m. priest
sacerdos f. priestess

Not all animal genders are context-determined. Some of them are fixed. For example:

anas f. duck
cygnus m. swan
anus m. lamb

6.2. Numbers

Nouns have two numbers (abbreviations in parentheses):

singular (sing.)
plural (pl.)

Some nouns do not have plural case forms (usually proper nouns):

Italia f. sing. Italy
lac neut. sing. milk
Hierosolyma neut. sing. Jerusalem
Jesus m. sing. Jesus

Not all proper nouns are singular only. Many proper nouns have plural case forms. For example:

Petrus m. sing. Peter
Petri m. pl. Peters
Maria f. sing. Mary
Mariae f. pl. Marys

There are also nouns that occur only in the plural.

Athenae f. pl. Athens
bracae f. pl. pants
liberi m. pl. children
scalae f. pl. stairs
tenebrae f. pl. darkness

6.3. Article

The definite and indefinite articles, as we know them in English, are not used in Latin. When translating a sentence from Latin to English, provide articles if they are appropriate according to the given context (In the English translations of Latin examples provided throughout this grammar, articles are not added unless necessary).

6.4. Case

There are 7 cases to learn (abbreviations in parentheses):

nominative (nom.), genitive (gen.), dative (dat.), accusative (acc.), ablative (abl.), vocative (voc.), locative (loc.)

It is said that Latin originally had eight cases, including instrumental case, in addition to the seven cases listed above. The instrumental case of a noun expresses a meaning of "method" involving the noun. Instrumental case (in both Classical and Ecclesiastical Latin) has been absorbed into ablative case. In other words, ablative case expresses what was previously expressed by instrumental case. Locative case, which expresses a location, too has largely been absorbed into ablative case. Locative case, though only few, does exist. Now ablative case mostly does its duty.

6.4.1. Nominative Case

A noun in the nominative case serves several functions in a sentence.

The basic function of the nominative case is to indicate the subject of a sentence:

He is Peter. ("He" is in the predicate nominative case.)

A noun used as the subjective complement is also in the nominative case. This type of nominative is called "predicate nominative":

He is Peter. ("Peter" is in the predicate nominative case.)

A noun in apposition to a noun in the nominative case is in the "appositive nominative" case. In the following examples, "Peter" is in the appositive nominative case:

My brother Peter is a fisherman.
He is my brother Peter.

Noun entries in the Latin dictionary are listed alphabetically by their nominative singular case form. Nominative singular form of a noun must be memorized.

6.4.2. Genitive Case

Genitive case expresses possession, so it is also called "possessive" case.

Genitive case can be translated into English with the possessive enclitic "’s" or with the preposition "of." For example, the nominative and genitive forms of "Peter" are as follows:

Petrus (nominative) (Peter)
Petri (genitive) (Peter’s, of Peter)

Notice that, unlike in English, the genitive form does not need an enclitic or a preposition. Rather, it is expressed by a different form of ending (Notice the different ending forms of "Petrus" and "Petri").

Genitive case expresses various other relationships other than possession, which will be discussed later.

A noun entry (nominative singular) in the dictionary is listed together with its genitive singular case form (Examples will be provided later). The genitive singular case form of a noun must be memorized.

6.4.3. Dative Case

Dative case is most frequently used to indicate an indirect object. "Peter" in the dative case can be translated as follows:

Petro (dative) (to Peter)

Notice another different ending, which expresses what the English preposition "to" means.

A noun in the dative case, when used with a copulative verb ("to be"), indicates a possessor (of its subject). This usage is called a "dative of possession." The copulative can be translated as "to belong" in this structure. For example:

a copulative verb + Petro (dative case) (to belong to Peter)

For this reason, some grammars suggest that a noun in the dative case can be translated into English with the preposition "to" or "for":

a copulative verb + Petre (dative case) (to be for Peter)

Some verbs, whose English equivalent are transitive, may not take a direct object but instead an an indirect object, ie. a noun in the dative case. Then it means that those verb are used as intransitive. For example, the following verbs are used as intransitive (You do not have to memorize these Latin verbs for now):

credare (to believe)
placēre (to please)
servire (to serve)

Some verbs are used as both transitive and intransitive For example, "credare" may take a direct object (ie. a noun in the accusative case, which will be discussed below).

Dative case is also used to express "purpose." This usage is called a "dative of purpose." Then, it can be translated using a preposition "for" as follows:

I work for you.

Dative case will be explained further with examples later.

6.4.4. Accusative Case

A noun in the accusative case can be used as a direct object of a verb and an object of a preposition. The use of accusative case corresponds to that of accusative case in English.

6.4.5. Ablative Case

Ablative case essentially expresses "separation." (But this does not mean that only ablative case expresses the meaning of separation.) A noun in the ablative case can be translated into English with prepositions such as "(away) from," "(originated) from," "(out) of," "(other) than," and the like. For example, the following word is a noun in the ablative:

Petro (ablative) (from/of/than Peter)

Recall that "Petro" was introduced above as a dative noun meaning "to Peter." Likewise, a form of noun can be used for more than one case. The context will help distinguish between different cases.

As introduced above, the ablative case absorbed the instrumental and locative cases. So a noun in the ablative case can also be translated into English with prepositions such as "with," "by," "in," and so on. For example (You do not have to know, for now, these Latin words, but only learn that a noun can be translated into English with prepositions expressing instrument and location):

oculis (with eyes)
equo (by horse)
aestate (in summer)

Likewise, when translated, ablative nouns become adverbial in their meaning. For this reason, ablative nouns are often treated as adverb. Examples for this will be provided later in the discussion of adverb.

A noun in the ablative case can be an object of a preposition (So ablative case is used either with or without a preposition). This means that the noun object of a preposition can be either in the accusative case or in the ablative case). Not all prepositions take a noun object in the ablative. Prepositions will be discussed later.

6.4.6. Vocative Case

Vocative case is used when one calls someone directly. As in English, the vocative form of a noun is the same as its nominative form, with a few exceptions. To be presice, the nominative case form is used for the vocative case. (Exceptions will be discussed.) For example:

Petrus ("Peter" in the nominative)
Petrus! ("Peter" in the vocative)

6.4.7. Locative Case I

Locative case expresses a location. Although the locative case has largely been replaced by the ablative case, some locative case forms have been preserved, especially for proper nouns of location. Also a few nouns expressing a location have a locative case form.

A noun in the locative can be translated into English with a suitable preposition such as "in," "on," "at," etc. For example (Again observe only the way a Latin noun in the locative is translated into English with the help of a preposition):

domi (at home)
humi (on ground)
Romae (in Rome)

The first and second examples are non-proper nouns in the locative. Some dictionaries treat them as adverbs.

6.5. Declension: Introduction

As mentioned above, declension is a term used for the inflection of noun, pronoun, adjective and participle.

A noun is declined (ie. inflected) according to case and number.

And nouns also have a gender. When a noun is referred to, the three grammatical categories to which the noun belongs are indicated together:

annos (masculine accusative plural)
gratias (feminine dative/ablative plural)
perizomatis (neuter genitive singular)

As noted above, a noun’s different case forms can be identical.

gratias (feminine dative plural)
gratias (feminine ablative plural)

A noun’s singular and plural forms can also be identical for the same case:

obitus (masculine vocative singular/plural)
res (feminine nominative singular/plural)

If a long vowel is applied, pronunciation can differ though the form is identical (As noted above, this distinction is not required unless necessary):

obitus (masculine vocative singular)
obitūs (masculine vocative plural)

Since there are 2 numbers and 7 cases, a noun can have up to 14 declined forms (Some forms are identical so 14 forms are not completely unique). But as explained above, locative case is rare. So for most nouns, their 12 forms need to be learned.

Take "herba" (nom. sing.) for example (In parentheses is its meaning) (As mentioned above, noun entries in the dictionary are listed alphabetically by their nominative singular - genitive singulars are also given, which will be discussed below):

herba (herb, grass)

For this noun, the following 12 declined forms (no locative form exists) need to be learned (You do not need to memorize these for now):

case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	herba herbae herbae herbam herba herba	herbae herbarum herbis herbas herbis herbae

We call this table of all possible declined forms of a noun "declension chart."

As mentioned above, the vocative and nominative forms are identical. In what follows, vocative case will be listed only when it differs from the nominative.

Take a look at the declensions of two other nouns (You do not need to memorize these nouns for now):

arca (ark)
femina (woman)

These nouns are declined as follows:

case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	arca arcae arcae arcam arca	arcae arcarum arcis arcas arcis

case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	femina feminae feminae feminam femina	feminae feminarum feminis feminas feminis

Notice that there is a pattern according to which the three nouns change their endings (This pattern is called "1st declension" type, which will be discussed below):

case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	a ae ae am a	ae arum is as is

Take a look at the declensions of some other nouns and observe a pattern according to which they change their endings:

angelus (angel)
discipulus (disciple)
dominus (lord)

case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	angelus angeli angelo angelum angelo angele	angeli angelorum angelis angelos angelis angeli

case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	discipulus discipuli discipulo discipulum discipulo discipule	discipuli discipulorum discipulis discipulos discipulis discipuli

case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	dominus domini domino dominum domino domine	dominus domini domino dominum domino domine

Now the pattern according to which these nouns change their endings is as follows. (This pattern is called "2nd declension" type, which will be discussed below.):

case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	us i o um o e	i orum is os is

Notice that the nominative and vocative singular forms are not identical (This is an exceptional feature unique to this pattern, which will be explained below).

These patterns determine the "declension type" of nouns. There are 7 such declension types (Each, except for 6th declension, will be discussed in detail below):

1st declension
2nd declension
3rd declension
3rd declension i-stem
4th declension
5th declension
6th declension

The "root" of a word is the foundational form of the word. Root does not contain affixes (ie. prefixes, infixes, and suffixes). The discussions of inflection in this grammar will not use the concept "root." Instead, "stem" and "base" will be used. "Stem" and "base" are the parts that remain unchanged throughout inflection. Words are inflected by adding particular endings to their stem and base. In this grammar, the concept "stem" is used to explain the inflection of verbs and participles. And "base" is used to explain the inflection of noun and adjective. "Base" and "stem" are often used interchangeably. But they are different grammatical concepts. The difference will not be explained in detail because it goes beyond the purpose of this grammar. It suffices to understand "stem" as the base on which a verb conjugates.

6th declension is exceptional. Only a few pronouns and adjectives that end in "ius" in the genitive singular follow this pattern of declension. (But not all pronouns/adjectives ending in "ius" in the genitive singular follow this declension pattern.) An example will be given in the discussion of intensive pronoun.

In general, nouns follow one of these declension types, except a few exceptional nouns that follow more than one declension type. And most declension types are subdivided into variants with respect to gender. To be precise, then, most nouns follow one of those variants of a declension type. In other words, the following two nouns decline differently even though they are in the same declension type:

2nd declension masculine noun
2nd declension neuter noun

A noun declines by changing its ending, ie. by adding different endings to its base:

herb (base) + a/ae/ae/am/a/a (endings)
angel (base) + us/i/o/um/o/e (endings)

To decline a noun, its base should be first identified.

The base of a noun can be identified by removing its genitive singular ending. As mentioned above, a noun’s genitive singular form is given in the dictionary, together with its nominative singular (also with its gender), in the following order:

(1) nom. sing. (2) gen. sing. (3) gender (4) meaning

For example, the following format will be used in this grammar when introducing a noun:

herba, herbae f. herb, grass
angelus, angeli m. angel

The bases of these nouns can be identified using their genitive singular forms as follows:

herb (base) + ae (gen. sing. ending)
angel (base) + i (gen. sing. ending)

For these two nouns, the same base can be identified by removing their nominative singular endings:

herb (base) + a (nom. sing. ending)
angel (base) + us (nom. sing. ending)

But the the reason for using genitive singular, rather than nominative singular, to identify the base is because some nouns have distinctive base forms for their nominative singular. Take, for example, the following noun:

rex, regis m. king

It declines as follows:

case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	rex regis regi regem rege	reges regum regibus reges regibus

The unchanging part of the noun throughout its declension is "reg" except for the nominative singular. This base cannot be obtained from the nominative singular, but from the genitive singular:

reg (base) + is (gen. sing. ending)

For this reason, when a noun is learned, it is important to memorize both its nominative and genitive singular forms.

6.6. 1st Declension

Recall the declension chart given above:

1st decl.
g.	m./f.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	a ae ae am a	ae arum is as is

This is the declension chart for 1st declension masculine and feminine nouns. Most 1st declension nouns decline according to this pattern ("m./f." in the chart indicates that both masculine and feminine nouns decline according to this pattern). The three nouns introduced above ("arca," "femina," "herba") are 1st declension nouns.

The chart does not include locative case endings. As mentioned above, proper nouns of location have a locative case form. The locative case forms will be discussed later.

6.6.1. Feminine

Most nouns in the 1st declension are feminine, and their nominative singulars end in "a." Like "herba," "arca" and "femina" introduced above are also feminine nominative singulars, and their genders can be indicated as follows:

arca, arcae f. ark
femina, feminae f. woman

Genitive singular of 1st declension nouns ends in "ae."

Review the declension charts of "acra" and "femina" provided above, and observe that their genitive singulars end in "ae."

Some other examples of 1st declension feminine nouns:

laetitia, laetitiae f. happiness
laetiti (base) + ae (ending)

laetitia, laetitiae
g.	m./f.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	laetitia laetitiae laetitiae laetitiam laetitia	laetitiae laetitiarum laetitiis laetitias laetitiis

pompa, pompae f. procession, parade
pomp (base) + ae (ending)

pompa, pompae
g.	m./f.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	pompa pompae pompae pompam pompa	pompae pomparum pompis pompas pompis

6.6.2. Masculine

There are a few 1st declension masculine nouns. Most of them are derived from Greek - Many of these loanwords do not end in "a." For example:

agricola, agricolae m. farmer
athleta, athletae m. athlete
poeta, poetae m. poet
propheta, prophetae m. prophet
nauta, nautae m. sailor
papa, papae m. father, Pope
Hoseas, Hoseae m. Hosea
Iscariotes, Iscariotae m. Judas Iscariot
Lucas, Lucae, m. Luke
messias, messiae m. messiah

There is no 1st declension neuter noun.

6.6.3. Non-Regular

1st declension feminine nouns ending in "e" decline according to the following pattern:

1st decl.
g.	f.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	e es ae en e	ae arum is as is

For example:

agape, agapes, f. agape
crambe, crambes f. cabbage
magice, magicae f. magic

agape, agapes
g.	f.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	agape agapes agapae agapen agape	agapae agaparum agapis agapas agapis

crambe, crambes
g.	f.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	crambe crambes crambae cramben crambe	crambae crambarum crambis crambas crambis

magice, magicae
g.	f.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	magice magices magicae magicen magice	magicae magicarum magicis magicas magicis

1st declension masculine nouns ending in "es" decline according to the following pattern:

	1st decl.
	m.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	es ae ae en e e	ae arum is as is

For example:

dynastes, dynastae m. ruler
sophistes, sophistae m. sophist
stylites, stylitae m. stylite

	m.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	dynastes dynastae dynastae dynasten dynaste dynaste	dynastae dynastarum dynastis dynastas dynastis

	m.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	sophistes sophistae sophistae sophisten sophiste sophiste	sophistae sophistarum sophistis sophistas sophistis

	m.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	stylites stylitae stylitae styliten stylite stylite	stylitae stylitarum stylitis stylitas stylitis

There are few 1st declension nouns whose gender is common. The declension of these nouns follow the basic 1st declension pattern. For example, the following two nouns, which have been introduced above, are 1st declension common-gender nouns:

accola, accolae m./f. neighbor
advena, advenae m/f. outsider, foreigner

	m./f.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	accola accolae accolae accolam accola	accolae accolarum accolis accolas accolis

	m./f.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	advena advenae advenae advenam advena	advenae advenarum advenis advenas advenis

Besides a few 1st declension common-gender nouns, most common-gender nouns are 3rd declension nouns.

As noted above, there are nouns that do not have plural case forms. For example:

Lucia, Luciae f. Lucy
Claudia, Claudiae f. Claudia

	f.
case	sing.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	Lucia Lucae Lucae Lucam Luca

	f.
case	sing.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	Claudia Claudiae Claudiae Claudiam Claudia/td>

Usually, proper nouns do not have plural case forms. But rarely, some proper nouns do have plural case forms. For example:

Maria, Mariae f. Mary

	f.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	Maria Mariae Mariae Mariam Maria	Mariae Mararum Maris Maras Maris

Several declension charts have been given above, and more will be provided in what follows, in order to show the way a particular noun declines. But there are irregular nouns for which it is difficult to construct a declension chart. And there are nouns that show partial irregularity. Those nouns follow a declension pattern, but not entirely. These irregular/partial-irregular nouns will be introduced later.

8. Noun II

To review, the following is examples of the usage of 1st declension nouns:

Nominative: Earth is void. (terra)
Nominative: She is the queen. (regina)
Genitive: an act of justice (iustitiae)
Dative: …give a rose to a girl (puellae)
Accusative: …give a rose to a girl (rosam)
Accusative: …jump into the boat (in scapham)
Ablative: from Rome (Roma), with/by a rock (petra)
Ablative: from water (ex aqua), in a farmhouse (in villa)
Vocative: Hail, holy Queen! (regina)

8.1. 2nd Declension

Nouns that use the following endings to form a case are called 2nd declension nouns. 2nd declension nouns can be one of three genders, but they are usually either masculine or neuter. 2nd declension feminine nous are rare.

8.1.1. Masculine

The masculine and feminine case endings of 2nd declension nouns as follows:

	1st decl.		2nd decl.
	m./f.		m./f.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	a ae ae am a	ae arum is as is	us/- i o um o e/i/us/-	i orum is os is

2nd declension masculine/feminine nominative singular may or may not end with "us," so the ending is indicated as "us/-" in the chart.

The ending of most 2nd declension masculine/feminine nominative singulars is "us" (Examples of feminine noun are provided below separately):

angelus, angeli m. angel
paradisus, paradise m. paradise
servus, servi m. servant

There are a few 2nd declension nominative singulars whose ending is not "us" (Examples of feminine noun are provided below separately):

adulter, adultri m. adulterer
aeger, aegri m. sick person
auster, austri m. south
hormenos, hormeni m. a type of asparagus
minister, ministry m. servant, agent
puer, pueri m. child

Note that the ending of 2nd declension masculine/feminine vocative singulars varies. It is not always identical to the nominative singular ending. Some of the 2nd declension masculine/feminine nouns have two vocative singular forms (Examples will be provided below). But "e" is the most common ending of 2nd declension masculine/feminine vocative singulars.

The majority of 2nd declension nouns are either masculine or neuter.

2nd declension masculine nouns (the first group of three nouns, for example) whose nominative singular ending is "us" are declined as follows:

	m.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	angelus angeli angelo angelum angelo angele	angeli angelorum angelis angelos angelis

	m.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	paradisus paradisi paradiso paradisum paradiso paradise	paradisi paradisorum paradisis paradisos paradisis

	m.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	servus servi servo servum servo serve	servis ervorum servis servos servis

2nd declension masculine nouns (the second group of six nouns, for example) whose nominative singular ending is not "us" are declined as follows:

	m.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	adulter adultri adultro adultrum adultro	adultri adultorum adultrris adultros adultris

	m.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	aeger aegri aegro aegrum aegro	aegri aegrum aegris aegros aegris

	m.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	auster austri austro austrum austro austre/auster	austri austrorum austris austros austris

	m.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	hormenos hormeni hormeno hormenum hormeno hormene	hormeni hormenorum hormenis hormenos hormenis

	m.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	minister ministri ministro ministrum ministro ministre/minister	ministri ministrorum ministris ministros ministris

	m.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	puer pueri puero puerum puero puere/puer	pueri puerorum pueris pueros pueris

These nouns are declined using the same endings given above, except for the nominative singular form. As mentioned above, 2nd declension masculine/feminine nouns whose ending is not "us" are rare.

Notice that some of these nouns have two vocative singular forms.

To decline these words, use the base of the genitive singular form. The base can be identified by removing "i" from the genitive singular form (As suggested above, the genitive singular form of a noun must be memorized):

adultery: adultr (base) + i
aeger: aegr (base) + i
auster: austr (base) + i
hormenos: hormen (base) + i
minister: ministr (base) + i
puer: puer (base) + i

There are few 2nd declension masculine nouns whose vocative singular ending is "i." The nominative singular of these nouns ends in "ius." For example:

filius, filii m. son
Virgilius, Virgilii m. Virgil

	m.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	filius filii filio filium filio filii	filii filiorum filiis filios filiis

	m.
case	sing.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	Virgilius Virgilii Virgilio Virgilium Virgilio Virgilii

"Virgilius" is another example of those nouns that do not have plural case forms. Other examples of 2nd declension nouns that do not have plural case forms are:

Christus, Christi m. Christ
Deus, Dei m. God

	m.
case	sing.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	Christus Christi Christo Christum Christo Christe

As shown above, even proper nouns can have plural case forms. For example:

Petrus, Petri m. Peter

	m.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	Petrus Petri Petro Petrum Petro Petre	Petri Petrorum Petris Petros Petris

8.1.2. Feminine

There are some 2nd declension feminine nouns. Most of them are names for tree, and they are mostly borrowed from Greek. For example:

abyssus, abyssi f. abyss
methodus, methodi f. method
pomus, pomi f. fruit tree
prunus, pruni f. plum tree
Tarsus, Tarsi f. Tarsus

	f.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	abyssus abyssi abysso abyssum abysso abysse	abyssi abyssorum abyssis abyssos abyssis

	f.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	methodus methodi methodo methodum methodo methode	methodi methodorum methodis methodos methodis

	f.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	pomus pomi pomo pomum pomo pome	pomi pomorum pomis pomos pomis

	f.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	prunus pruni pruno prunum pruno prune	pruni prunorum prunis prunos prunis

	f.
case	sing.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	Tarsus Tarsi Tarso Tarsum Tarso Tarse

The nominative singulars of the 2nd declension feminine nouns given in the example above all end in "us." But there are 2nd declension feminine nouns whose nominative singular ending is not "us." For example:

aculos, aculi f. acron
ampelos, ampeli f. vine

	f.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	aculos aculi aculo acuum aculo acule	aculi aculorum aculis aculos aculis

	f.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	ampelos ampeli ampelo ampelum ampelo ampele	ampeli ampelorum ampelis ampelos ampelis

8.1.3. Neuter

The neuter case endings of 2nd declension nouns as follows:

	1st decl.		2nd decl.
	m./f.		m./f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	a ae ae am a	ae arum is as is	us/- i o um o e/i/us/-	i orum is os is	um i o um o	a orum is a is

Most 2nd declension nominative singulars end in "um." They decline as follows, for example:

principium, principii neut. beginning
regnum, regni neut. reign
verbum, verba neut. word

	neut.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	principium principii principio principium principio	principia principiorum principiis principia principiis

	neut.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	regnum regni regno regnum regno	regna regnorum regnis regna regnis

	neut.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	verbum verbi verbo verbum verbo	verba verborum verbis verba verbis

Notice that the nominative and vocative singular endings are identical. For 2nd declension neuter nouns, nominative and accusative singular/plural endings are also identical. Therefore, for 2nd declension neuter nouns, nominative/accusative/vocative singular endings are identical, and nominative/accusative/vocative plural endings are also identical.

2nd declension nominative singulars that do not end in "um" are very rare. For example:

acta, actorum neut. pl. acts, journal
chronicon, chronici neut. chronicle
virus, viri neut. sing. poison

	neut.
case	sing.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	acta actorum actis acta actis

	neut.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	chronicon chronici chronico chronicon chronico	chronica chronicorum chronicis chronica chronicis

	neut.
case	sing.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	virus viri viro virus viro

Notice that nominative and vocative singular endings are identical even when the nominative singulars do not end in "um." Also notice that the nominative and accusative endings are identical both in the singular and in the plural.

For a noun that occurs only in the plural, as in "acta," its genitive form helps to discern its declension pattern. For example, "actorum" indicates that "acta" may not be a 1st declension noun. And the nominative plural ending "a" indicates that it is probably neither masculine nor feminine.

Another example of 2nd declension noun that occurs only in the plural:

nuptiae, nuptiarum f. marriage

	f.
case	sing.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	nuptiae nuptiarum nuptiis nuptias nuptiis

For "nuptiae," the genitive ending "arum" indicates that it is plural and is not neuter.

Nouns with multiple genders have been introduced above. There are also 2nd declension nouns that have multiple genders. For example:

lotos, loti m./f. Egyptian lotus flower
papyrus, papyri m./f. papyrus
vulgus, vulgi m./neut. common people, the public, crowd

	m./f.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	lotos loti loton lotum loto lote	loti lotorum lotis lotos lotis

Notice the irregular form of dative singular, "loton."

	m./f.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	papyrus papyri papyro papyrum papyro papyre	papyri papyrorum papyris papyros papyris

"vulgus" may be masculine or neuter. Since 2nd declension masculine noun and neuter noun decline differently, two different declension tables are possible:

	m.
case	sing.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	vulgus vulgi vulgo vulgum vulgo vulge

	neut.
case	sing.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	vulgus vulgi vulgo vulgus vulgo

Notice that the endings of nominative/accusative/vocative singulars of neuter "vulgus" are identical.

To review, learn the following three words and examine the translations of the underlined parts of the sentences given below:

Christus, Christi m. Christ
mundus, mundi m. world
verbum, verbi neut. word

	m.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	Christus Christi Christo Christum Christo Christe	Christi Christorum Christis Christos Christis

	m.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	mundus mundi mundo mundum mundo munde	mundi mundorum mundis mundos mundis

	neut.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	verbum verbi verbo verbum verbo	verba verborum verbis verba verbis

Christ is the light of the world. (Christus, mundi)
We give thanks to Christ because he saved the world. (Christo, mundum)
Christ gives life to the world. (mundo)
The world did not know the Spirit in Christ. (mundus, Christo)
The body of Christ was in the world. (Christi, mundo)
God sent Christ into the world. (Christum, mundum)
Christ! (Christe)

We heard the word of truth. (verbum)
The Word was with God. (Verbum)
The Apostles gave themselves to the ministry of the word. (verbi)
People give testimony to the word of God’s grace. (verbo)
Let us exhibit ourselves in the word of truth. (verbo)

8.1.4. Irregular

There are nouns that do not follow their declension patterns completely. For example:

Deus, Dei m. God
deus, dei m. god
epulum, epuli neut. sing., f. pl. feast

	m.
case	sing.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	Deus Dei Deo Deum Deo

	m.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	deus dei deo deum deo	dii deorum diis deos diis

	neut.	f.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	epulum epuli epulo epulum epulo	apulae apularum apulis apulas apulis

"epulum" has neuter plural case forms but they are not used in Clementine Vulgate.

"locus" is a masculine noun. But it has two different sets of plural case endings. When it means "places," its plural case endings are the regular masculine plural case endings. When it means "region," it uses the neuter plural case endings. The regular masculine plural cases are not used in Clementine Vulgate.

	m.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	locus loci loco locum loco loce	loca locorum locis loca locis

8.2. 3rd Declension

3rd declension nouns can be one of three genders.

The genitive singular ending of 3rd declension nouns is "is." cf. The genitive singular ending of 1st declension nouns is mostly "ae," and the singular genitive singular ending of 2nd declension nous is "i."

8.2.1. Masculine and Feminine

The masculine and feminine case endings of 3rd declension nouns are:

	1st decl.		2nd decl.				3rd decl.
	m./f.		m./f.		neut.		m./f.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	a ae ae am a	ae arum is as is	us/- i o um o e/i/us/-	i orum is os is	um i o um o	a orum is a is	is i em e	es um ibus es ibus

Nominative singular endings vary (This is indicated by the blank space for the nominative singular in the chart). For example:

amor, amaris m. love
mater, matris f. mother
rex, regis m. king
veritas, veritatis f. truth

Therefore, each nominative singular form must be memorized.

The base a 3rd declension noun for declension is identified from its genitive singular, by removing the ending "is" from it. For example:

amaris: amar (base) + is
matris: matr (base) + is
regis: reg (base) + is
veritatis: vertati (base) + is

The declensions of the four nouns above are as follows:

	m.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	amor amaris amari amarem amare	amares amarum amaribus amares amaribus

The vocative singular is the same as the nominative singular. The space for the vocative singular in the chart is left blank for this reason.

	f.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	mater matris matri matrem matre	matres matrum matribus matres matribus

	m.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	rex regis regi regem rege	reges regum regibus reges regibus

	f.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	veritas vertatiis vertatii vertatiem vertatie	vertaties vertatium vertatiibus vertaties vertatiibus

8.2.2. Neuter

3rd declension neuter nouns decline using the following case endings:

	1st decl.		2nd decl.				3rd decl.
	m./f.		m./f.		neut.		m./f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	a ae ae am a	ae arum is as is	us/- i o um o e/i/us/-	i orum is os is	um i o um o	a orum is a is	is i em e	es um ibus es ibus	is i e	a um ibus a ibus

For example:

corpus, corporis neut. body
iter, itineris neut. itinerary, route, journey
nomen, nominis neut. name

	neut.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	corpus corporis corpori corpus corpore	corpora corporum corporibus corpora corporibus

	neut.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	iter itineris itineri iter itinere	itinera itinerum itineribus itinera itineribus

	neut.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	nomen nominis nomini nomen nominee	nomina nominum nominibus nomina nominibusa

As in the masculine and feminine, neuter nominative singular endings vary, and they are identical to the vocative singular endings.

Unlike in the masculine and feminine declension, the neuter nominative/accusative/vocative singular endings are all identical.

3rd declension masculine/feminine and neuter nouns do not take a particular nominative singular ending and their genitive singular endings are identical. So, unlike with most 1st and 2nd declension nouns (Most 1st declension nouns are feminine, and their nominative and genitive singulars mostly "a" and "ae" respectively. Most 2nd declension nouns are masculine or neuter. For masculine nouns, their nominative and genitive singulars end in "us" and "i" respectively, and for neuter nouns, their nominative and genitive singulars end in "um" and "i" respectively), the gender of a 3rd declension noun cannot be identified simply by memorizing its nominative and genitive singulars. For example, observe the following two nouns. Their nominative and genitive singular endings are identical, but their genders are different.

aster, astris m. star
piper, piperis neut. pepper

Therefore, the genders of 3rd declension nouns must be memorized. Learning their distinctive case forms that indicate a specific gender can help discern their gender. For example, learn their nominative plural forms:

asteres (stars)
pipera (peppers)

Knowing these case forms can help discern (1) "aster" is not neuter, and (2) piper is neuter. But this does not tell that "aster" is masculine. It must be memorized (When "aster" is used in a sentence, the words that modify it can help determine its gender because modifies (eg. adjective) agree with the noun it modifies in gender. This will be discussed later).

Most common nouns are 3rd declension nouns (Many of the common nouns introduced above in the section of "Gender" are 3rd declension nouns):

canis, canis m./f. dog
civis, civis m./f. citizen
coniunx, coniugis m./f. spouse
dux, ducis m./f. leader
heres, heredis m./f. heir, heiress
hospes, hospitis m./f. guest
hostis, hostis m./f. enemy
infans, infantis m./f. infant
martyr, martyris m./f. martyr
nemo, neminis m./f. nobody
pavo, pavinis m./f. peafowl (peacock, peahen)
sus, suis m./f. pig

8.2.3. Irregular

Learn the following 3rd declension irregular nouns:

bos, bovis m./f. ox, cow
sitis, sitis f. sing. thirst
-, vicis (genitive) f. change, turn

	neut.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	bos bovis bovi bovem bove	boves bobum bobus boves bobus

"bos" has other plural case forms, but they are not used in Clementine Vulgate.

"sitis" has two different sets of singular case endings. The regular feminine singular case endings are not used in Clementine Vulgate. The following irregular case endings are used instead.

	neut.
case	sing.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	sitis sitis siti sitim siti

"vicis" (genitive) does not have nominative and vocative singular case forms.

	neut.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	vicis vici vicem cive	vices vicum vicibus vices vicibus

8.3. 3rd Declension: i-Stem

There are a group of 3rd declension noun whose stem originally contained "i" but later largely lost it. These nouns are called "i-stem nouns." Now 3rd declension i-stem nouns show "i" only in few case forms of their declension.

8.3.1. Masculine and Feminine

3rd declension masculine/feminine i-stem nouns have the following characteristics (There are a few exceptions):

(1) their nominative singulars are monosyllabic and genitive singulars have double consonants before the ending "is."
or (2) the nominative and genitive singulars have equal number of syllables (parisyllabic), and the nominative singulars end in either "es" or "is."

These characteristics of nominative and genitive singulars help discern if a noun is a 3rd declension i-stem noun.

3rd declension masculine/feminine i-stem nouns decline using the following case endings:

	1st decl.		2nd decl.				3rd decl.
	m./f.		m./f.		neut.		m./f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	a ae ae am a	ae arum is as is	us/- i o um o e/i/us/-	i orum is os is	um i o um o	a orum is a is	is i em e	es um ibus es ibus	is i e	a um ibus a ibus

	3rd decl. i-stem
	m./f.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	is i em e	es ium ibus es ibus

3rd declension masculine/feminine i-stem nous show "i" before their genitive plural ending "um." So they end in "ium."

8.3.1.1. Monosyllabic

The following is some nouns that have the characteristic of (1):

ars, artis, f. art
arx, arcis, f. fortress, refuse
dens, dentis m. tooth
fons, fontis m. font, fountain, spring
gens, gentis f. people, tribe, family
mens, mentis f. mind
nox, noctis f. night
pars, partis f. part
urbs, urbis f. city

Notice the genitive plural ending "ium":

	f.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	arx arcis arci arcem arce	arces arcium arcibus arces arcibus

	m.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	dens dentis denti dentem dente	dentes dentium dentibus dentes dentibus

	f.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	nox noctis nocti noctem nocte	noctes noctium noctibus noctes noctibus

	f.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	pars partis parti partem parte	partes partium partibus partes partibus

There are a few exceptional 3rd declension i-stem masculine/feminine nouns, whose nominative singular is monosyllabic (Recall that [au] is a diphthong considered a single vowel), that still show this characteristic ending even though their genitive singulars do not end in "double consonants + is." For example:

faux, faucis f. throat, chasm
fraus, fraudis f. fraud, error
mas, maris m. male, man
mus, muris m./f. mouse
nix, nivis f. sonw

	f.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	faux faucis fauci faucem/faucim fauce	fauces faucium faucibus fauces/faucis faucibus

	f.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	fraus fraudis fraudi fraudem fraude	fraudes fraudium/fraudum fraudibus fraudes fraudibus

	m.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	mas maris mari marem mare	mares marium maribus mares maribus

	m.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	mus muris muri murem mure	mures murium muribus mures muribus

	f.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	nix nivis nivi nivem nive	nives nivium nivibus nives nivibus

Notice: As in "faux" and "fraus," alternative case forms are sometimes found.

As illustrated, not all 3rd declension i-stem declension nouns exhibit the characteristic of (1). But the genitive plural of 3rd declension i-stem nouns always end in "ium." So 3rd declension i-stem nouns can be discerned by memorizing their genitive plurals together with their nominative and genitive singulars. For this reason, some dictionaries list the genitive plural forms as follows (the third case form is the genitive plural):

ars, artis, arrium f. art
urbs, urbis, urbium f. city

This should not be confused with adjective entries, which also list three forms of an adjective. The following is an adjective entry in the dictionary. Observe that the third form does not end in "ium":

acer, acris, acre

Adjectives will be discussed later.

8.3.1.2. Parisyllabic

Observe the following nouns whose nominative and genitive singulars have an equal number of syllables (the characteristic of (2) given above):

apis, apis f. bee
auris, auris f. ear
clavis, clavis f. key
fames, famis f. hunger
finis, finis m. end
hostis, hostis m. enemy
ignis, ignis m. fire
navis, navis f. ship
nubes, nubis f. cloud
orbis, orbis m. circle, rotation, earth
ovis, ovis f. sheep
piscis, piscis m. fish
postis, postis m. doorpost
sodalis, sodalist m. companion, fellow
testis, testis m./f. witness
tussis, tussis f. cough
vestis, vestis f. vestment
vitis, vitis f. vine

These nouns also show "i" before their genitive plural ending "um." For example:

	m.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	ignis ignis igni ignem igne	ignes ignium ignibus ignes ignibus

	f.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	nubes nubis nubi nubem nube	nubes nubium nubibus nubes nubibus

	f.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	tussis tussis tussi tussem tusse	tusses tussium tussibus tusses tussibus

There are some exceptional nouns whose genitive plural does not display "i" before the ending "um." For example:

canis, canis m./f. dog
iuvenis, iuvenis m./f. youth
panis, panis m. bread

	m./f.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	canis canis cani canem cane	canes canum canibus canes canibus

	m./f.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	iuvenis iuvenis iuveni iuvenem iuvene	iuvenes iuvenum iuvenibus iuvenes iuvenibus

	m.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl..	panis panis pani panem pane	panes panum panibus panes panibus

Ablative singular ending of some nouns is "i." For example:

sitis, sitis f. sing. thirst

	f.
case	sing.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl..	sitis sitis siti sitim siti

Notice also that "sitis" takes "im" as accusadtive singular ending.

Some nouns take both "e" and "I" as ablative singular ending. For example:

avis, avis f. bird

	f.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	pavis avis avi avem ave/avi	aves avium avibus aves avibus

8.3.2. Neuter

3rd declension i-stem neuter nouns are rare. They decline slightly differently from the way masculine/feminine nouns decline, as follows:

	1st decl.		2nd decl.				3rd decl.
	m./f.		m./f.		neut.		m./f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	a ae ae am a	ae arum is as is	us/- i o um o e/i/us/-	i orum is os is	um i o um o	a orum is a is	is i em e	es um ibus es ibus	is i e	a um ibus a ibus

	3rd decl. i-stem
	m./f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	is i em e	es ium ibus es ibus	is i i	ia ium ibus ia ibus

Notice that all 3rd declension i-stem case endings in the chart contain "i". cf. the masculine/feminine endings. 3rd declension i-stem neuter nouns are sometimes called "pure" i-stem nouns. 3rd declension i-stem masculine/feminine nouns are called "mixed" i-stem nouns.

The nominative singular of 3rd declension neuter i-stem nouns ends in one of the following:

-al, -ar, -e

For example:

animal, animalis neut. animal
cochlear, cochlearis neut. spoon
luminare, luminaris neut. light, lamp
mare, maris neut. sea
nectar, nectaris neut. nectar
salutare, salutaris neut. safety, health

	neut.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	animal animalis animali animal animali	animalia animalium animalibus animalia animalibus

	neut.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	cochlear cochlearis cochleari cochlear cochleari	cochlearia cochlearium cochlearibus cochlearia cochlearibus

	neut.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	luminare luminaris luminari luminare luminari	luminaria luminarium luminaribus luminaria luminaribus

	neut.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	mare maris mari mare mari	maria marium maribus maria maribus

	neut.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	nectar nectaris nectari nectar nectari	nectaria nectarium nectaribus nectaria nectaribus

	neut.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	salutare salutaris salutari salutare salutaryi	salutaria salutarium salutaribus salutaria salutaribus

8.3.3. Irregular

Learn the following declension of "vis," which is an "i-stem" noun (See the genitive plural ending) but has many irregular case forms:

vis, vis f. force

	f.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	vis vis vi vim vi	vires virium viribus vires viribus

8.4. 4th Declension

4th declension nouns are mostly masculine, and most of them end in "tus." Feminine and neuter nouns are very rare.

8.4.1. Masculine and Feminine

Nominative and genitive masculine/feminine singular case endings of 4th declension nouns are both:

-us

For example:

ductus, ductus m. leadership
magistratus, magistratus m. magistrate, official
manus, manus f. hand
nurus, nurus f. daughter-in-law
ritus, ritus m. rite
sensus, sensus m. ability to sense/perceive

4th declension masculine/feminine nouns decline using the following case endings:

	1st decl.		2nd decl.				3rd decl.
	m./f.		m./f.		neut.		m./f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	a ae ae am a	ae arum is as is	us/- i o um o e/i/us/-	i orum is os is	um i o um o	a orum is a is	is i em e	es um ibus es ibus	is i e	a um ibus a ibus

	3rd decl. i-stem				4th decl.
	m./f.		neut.		m./f.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	is i em e	es ium ibus es ibus	is i i	ia ium ibus ia ibus	us us ui um u	us uum ibus us ibus

For example:

	m.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	ductus ductus ductui ductum ductu	ductus ductuum ductibus ductus ductibus

	f.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	manus manus manui manum manu	manus manuum manibus manus minibus

The following is the almost exhaustive list of 4th declension feminine nouns:

acus, acus f. needle
anus, anus f. old woman
domus, domus f. house
idus, iduum f. pl. a day name in Roman calendar
manus, manus f. hand
nurus, nurus f. daughter-in-law
porticus, porticus f. portico, porch
socrus, socrus f. mother-in-law
tribus, tribus f. tribe

"anus" can be in 2nd declension, meaning "ring," and "domus" can also be in 2nd declension, meaning the same. These will be discussed later.

Dative and ablative plural case forms of some 4th declension nouns (usually when their base end with "c") end in "ubus":

arcus, arcus m. arc
lacus, lacus m. lake
specus, specus m. cave

	m.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	arcus arcus arcui arcum arcu	arcus arcuum arcubus arcus arcubus

	m.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	lacus lacus lacui lacum lacu	lacus lacuum lacubus lacus lacubus

	m.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	specus specus specui specum specu	specus specuum specubus specus specubus

8.4.2. Neuter

Nominative and genitive neuter singular case endings of 4th declension are:

-u (nominative singular)
-us (genitive singular)

For example (The following 6 nouns are the only 4th declension neuter nouns):

cornu, cornus neut. horn
genu, genus neut. knee
gelu, gelus neut. frost, cold, chill
pecu, pecus neut. cattle
testu, tesus neut. earthen vessel
veru, verus neut. spit (for cooking food), dart

4th declension masculine/feminine nouns decline using the following case endings:

	1st decl.		2nd decl.				3rd decl.
	m./f.		m./f.		neut.		m./f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	a ae ae am a	ae arum is as is	us/- i o um o e/i/us/-	i orum is os is	um i o um o	a orum is a is	is i em e	es um ibus es ibus	is i e	a um ibus a ibus

	3rd decl. i-stem				4th decl.
	m./f.		neut.		m./f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	is i em e	es ium ibus es ibus	is i i	ia ium ibus ia ibus	us us ui um u	us uum ibus us ibus	u us u u u	ua uum ibus ua ibus

For example:

	neut.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	cornu cornus cornu cornu cornu	corua coruum coribus corua coribus

	neut.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	gelu gelus gelu gelu gelu	gelua geluum gelibus gelua gelibus

	neut.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	genu genus genu genu genu	genua genuum genibus genua genibus

	neut.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	pecu pecus pecu pecu pecu	pecua pecuum pecubus pecua pecubus

As in masculine/feminine nouns whose base end with "c," the dative and ablative plural case endings of a neuter noun whose base ends with "c" are also "ubus."

	neut.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	testu testus testu testu testu	testua testuum testibus testua testibus

	neut.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	veru verus veru veru veru	verua veruum veribus verua veribus

8.4.3. Irregular

Learn the irregular declension of "Iesus":

Iesus, Iesu m. Jesus

	m.
case	sing.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	Iesus Iesu Iesu Iesum Iesu Iesu

Note that nominative and vocative case forms are not identical.

8.5. 5th Declension

5th declension nouns are few.

All 5th declension nouns are feminine except for "dies" and its compounds:

dies, diei m./f. (sing.), m. (pl.) day
meridies, meridiei m. midday, noon

There is no 5th declension neuter noun.

5th declension nouns decline using the following case endings:

	1st decl.		2nd decl.				3rd decl.
	m./f.		m./f.		neut.		m./f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	a ae ae am a	ae arum is as is	us/- i o um o e/i/us/-	i orum is os is	um i o um o	a orum is a is	is i em e	es um ibus es ibus	is i e	a um ibus a ibus

	3rd decl. i-stem				4th decl.				5th decl.
	m./f.		neut.		m./f.		neut.		m./f.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	is i em e	es ium ibus es ibus	is i i	ia ium ibus ia ibus	us us ui um u	us uum ibus us ibus	u us u u u	ua uum ibus ua ibus	es es ei em e	es erum ebus es ebus

Notice all endings begin with "e."

For example:

res, rei f. thing
spes, spei f. hope

	f.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	res rei rei rem re	res rerum rebus res rebus

	f.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	spes spei spei spem spe	spes sperum spebus spes spebus

8.6. Indeclinable Nouns

There are a few indeclinable nouns. Many loan words are indeclinable. These nouns are therefore considered irregular, and they are not classified into a declension. For example:

mane neuter. morning
Nazareth f. Nazareth
rabbi m. rabbi
Satan m. Satan
seraphim m. pl. seraphim

Some of the indeclinable nouns have only few case forms. For example:

nefas neut. abomination
nihil neut. nothing

	m.
case	sing.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	nefas nefas

	m.
case	sing.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	nihil nihil

cf. "nihilum" is a regular 2nd declension noun:

nihilum, nihili neut. nothing

	f.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	nihilum nihili nihilo nihilum nihilo	nihila nihilorum nihilis nihila nihilis

Both "nihil" and "nihilum" are used in Clementine Vulgate.

Some of the indeclinable nouns, just like English nouns, have a singular and plural form and do not change their forms to express case. For example:

cherub, cherub m. cherub

	f.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	cherub cherub cherub cherub cherub	cherubim cherubim cherubim cherubim cherubim

8.7. Locative Case II

Locative case, as mentioned above, was largely fallen out of use and largely replaced by the ablative case, as Old Latin developed into Classical Latin. But some locative case forms continued to be used. These locative forms should be learned. Most nouns having locative case forms are proper nouns.

A noun in the locative can be translated into English with an appropriate preposition.

Nouns having a locative case form usually appear only in the singular or in the plural.

4th and 5th declension locative case forms are not found.

General declension rules for the locative case are as follows:

(1) The locative singular form of 1st and 2nd declension nouns is identical to their genitive singular.
(2) The locative singular form of 3rd declension/3rd declension i-stem nouns ends in "i." Some of them have an additional locative case form that ends in "e."
(3) The locative plural form in all declensions is identical to the ablative plural.

8.7.1. Locative 1st and 2nd Declension Locative Singular

Examples of 1st and 2nd declension locative singulars:

Corinthus, Corinthi f. sing. Corinth
Ephesus, Ephesi f. sing. Ephesus
humus, humi f. ground
militia, militae f. military service
Roma, Romae f. sing. Rome

	m.
case	sing.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc. loc.	Corinthus Corinthi Corintho Corinthum Corintho Corinthe Corinthi

	f.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc. loc.	humus humi humo humum humo hume humi	humi humorum humis humos humis

"humus" is a 2nd declension feminine noun.

	m.
case	sing.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc. loc.	Roma Romae Romae Romam Roma Romae

	f.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc. loc.	militia militiae militiae militiam militia militiae	militiae militiarum militiis militias militiis

"militia" does not have locative plural case form.

The locatives of these nouns can be translated into English as follows:

Corinthi (in Corinth)
humi (on the ground)
Romae (at Rome)
militiae (in the military service)

As such, nouns in the locative are sometimes considered as adverbs. So, for example, some dictionaries list "humi" as an adverb.

8.7.2. Locative Plural

Examples of locative plurals:

Athenae, Athenarum m. pl. Athens
bellum, bella neut. war
Hierosolyma, Hierosolymorum f. pl. Jerusalem
Mediolanum, Mediolani neut. sing. Milan

	m.
case	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc. loc.	Athenae Athenarum Athenis Athenas Athenis Athenis

	f.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc. loc.	bellum belli bello bellum bello belli	bella bellorum bellis bella bellis

Like "militia," Bellum does not have locative plural case form.

	m.
case	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc. loc.	Hierosolyma Hierosolymorum Hierosolymis Hierosolyma Hierosolymis Hierosolymis

	m.
case	sing.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc. loc.	Mediolanum Mediolani Mediolano Mediolanum Mediolano Mediolani

8.7.3. 3rd Declension/3rd Declension i-Stem Locatives

Examples of 3rd declension/3rd declension i-stem locatives:

Carthago, Carthaginis f. sing. Carthago
rus, ruris neut. countryside
Tralles, Trallium f. pl. Aydin (a town in Turkey)

Examples of 3rd declension/3rd declension i-stem locatives:

	m.
case	sing.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc. loc.	Carthago Carthaginis Carthagini Carthaginem Carthagine Carthagini/Carthagine

	f.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc. loc.	rus ruris ruri rus rure ruri	rura rurum ruribus rura ruribus ruribus

	m.
case	sing.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc. loc.	Tralles Trallium Trallibus Tralles Trallibus Trallibus

8.9. Nouns in Multiple Declensions

Some nouns are in more than one declension types. For example:

gaster, gastri f. belly (2nd declension)
gaster, gasteris f. belly (3rd declension)

	2nd decl.		3rd decl.
	f.		f.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	gaster gastri gastro gastrum gastro	gastri gastrorum gastris gastros gastris	gaster gasteris gasteri gasterem gastere	gasteres gasterum gasteribus gasteres gasteribus

ficus, fici m./f. fig tree (2nd declension)
ficus, ficus m.f. fig tree (4th declension)

	2nd decl.		4th decl.
	m./f.		m./f.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	ficus fici fico ficum fico	fici ficorum ficis ficos ficis	ficus ficus ficui ficum ficu	ficus ficuum ficibus ficus ficibus

pinus, pini f. pine tree (2nd declension)
pinus, pinus f. pine tree (4th declension)

	2nd decl.		3rd decl.
	f.		f.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	pinus pini pino pinum pino pine	pini pinorum pinis pinos pinis	pinus pinus pinui pinum pinu	pinus pinuum pinibus pinus pinibus

vesper, vesperi m. evening, supper (2nd declension)
vesper, vesperis m. evening, supper (3rd declension)

	2nd decl.		3rd decl.
	m.		m.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc. loc.	vesper vesperi vespero vesperum vespero vesperi	vesperi vesperoum vesperis vesperos vesperis	vesper vesperis vesperi vesperem vespere vesperi	vesperes vesperum vesperibus vesperes vesperibus

domus, domi f. house, home (2nd declension)
domus, domus f. house, home (4th declension)

	2nd decl.		4th decl.
	f.		f.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc. loc.	domus domi domo domum domo domi	domorum domos	domus domus domui domum domu	domus domuum domibus domus domibus

Some nouns have different meanings when in different declension types. For example:

anus, ani m. ring (2nd declension)
anus, anus f. old woman (4th declension)

	2nd decl.		4th decl.
	m.		f.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	anus ani ano anum ano ane	ani anorum anis anos anis	anus anus anui anum anu	anus anuum anibus anus anibus

A noun (in a declension type) with multiple genders may have different meanings in different genders, and so decline differently. For example:

pecus, pecudis f./neut. a single animal (3rd declension)

	3rd decl.
	f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	pecus pecudis pecudi pecudem pecude	pecudes pecudum pecudibus pecudes pecudibus	pecus pecoris pecori pecus pecore	pecora pecorum pecoribus pecora pecoribus

vulgus, vulgi m./neut common people, the public, crowd

	2nd decl.
	m.	neut.
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	vulgus vulgi vulgo vulgus vulgo	vulgus vulgi vulgo vulgum vulgo/td>

fides, fidei, f. lyre (3rd declension i-stem)
fides, fidei, f. faith (5th declension)

	3rd decl. i-stem		5th decl.
	f.		f.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	fides fidis fidi fidem fide	fides fidium fidibus fides fidibus	fides fidei fidei fidem fide	fides fiderum fidebus fides fidebus

9. Adjective

Like nouns, adjectives are inflected. An adjective declines to indicate gender, case and number, and it declines according to the gender/case/number of the noun it modifies. Noun and adjective agreement will be discussed after the introduction to the adjectival declension.

Types (or categories) of adjectives are as follows:

1st declension adjectives
1st/2nd declension adjectives
3rd declension adjectives

1st declension adjectives are very rare. (For this reason, it will be discussed after the two major types of adjectives.)

Here "declension" refers to that of 1st, 2nd and 3rd declension nouns. For example, an adjective is categorized as "1st/2nd declension adjective" when it uses both 1st and 2nd declension noun endings for its own declension. Likewise, an adjective is categorized as "3rd declension adjective" when it is inflected using 3rd declension noun endings.

"1st/2nd declension adjectives" does not mean "1st declension adjective and 2nd declension adjective." "1st/2nd declension" is one category of adjective. There is no 2nd, 4th or 5th declension adjectives.

Recall that ablative nouns can be treated as adverbs because of the meaning they express. When such ablative nouns are modified by an adjective, the adjective should be ablative in order to agree with the noun in case. Since the ablative noun is adverbial, the ablative adverb also become adverbial because adverbs are modified by adverbs. For this reason, ablative adjectives are often treated as adverbs.

An adjective may be attributive or predicative.

9.1. 1st/2nd Declension Adjectives

A 1st/2nd declension adjective is an adjective that declines using both 1st and 2nd declension noun endings. Which ending it takes depends on the noun that it modifies.

Review the 1st and 2nd declension noun endings: (A modified chart for adjectival declension is provided below):

	1st decl. n.		2nd decl. n.
	m./f.		m./f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	a ae ae am a	ae arum is as is	us/- i o um o e/i/us/-	i orum is os is	um i o um o	a orum is a is

As with nouns, the dictionary lists adjective entries by their nominative singular.

But the nominative singular of an adjective can take 3 different endings (masculine, feminine, neuter), depending on the gender of the noun it modifies. So the dictionary lists all 3 nominative singulars of an adjective (masculine, feminine, and neuter in that order). These 3 nominative singular forms of the adjective must be memorized when the adjective is learned. For example:

bonus, bona, bonum a. good
magnus, magna, magnum a. great

When an adjective’s base form remains the same for all three genders, some dictionaries list its masculine nominative singular and only indicate the endings for the feminine and neuter singulars. For example:

bonus, a, um a. good
magnus, a, um a. great

Unlike a noun entry, an adjective entry does not provide its genitive singular (except for those that belong to Group 3 of 3rd declension adjectives, which will be discussed below).

The following is the chart for adjectival declension which will be used in what follows (Take note of the format of arrangement and compare it with that of the noun declension chart above):

	1st/2nd decl. a.
	m.		f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	us/- i o um o e/-	i orum is os is	a ae ae am a	ae arum is as is	um i o um o	a orum is a is

This is the declension chart according to which 1st/2nd declension adjectives are declined. 1st/2nd declension adjectives use 1st declension feminine noun endings when they modify a feminine noun, 2nd declension masculine noun endings when they modify a masculine noun, and 2nd declension neuter noun endings when they modify a neuter noun.

The masculine nominative singular ending of most 1st/2nd declension adjectives is "us." The masculine vocative singular ending of these adjective is "e."

Some of 1st/2nd declension adjectives end in "er" or "ur." "er" and "ur" are not considered declension endings (for this reason, the masculine nominative/vocative singular endings of these adjectives are indicated as "-" in the chart) because unlike other endings in the declension chart, "er" and "ur" are not replaced by different endings for different genders/cases/numbers, but different endings are added to "er" and "ur" ("e" in "er" may drop out). When the masculine nominative singular of an adjective ends in "er" or "ur," its masculine vocative singular is identical to the masculine nominative singular.

Take for example a 1st/2nd declension adjective:

sanctus, santa, sanctum a. holy

It declines for different genders/cases/numbers as follows:

	m.		f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	sanctus sancti sancto sanctum sancto sancte	sancti sanctorum sanctis sanctos sanctis	sancta sanctae sanctae sanctam sancta	sanctae sanctarum sanctis sanctas sanctis	sanctum sancti sancto sanctum sancto	sancta sanctorum sanctis sancta sanctis

There are some 1st/2nd declension Greek loan adjectives. The masculine nominative singular of these adjectives end in "os." These adjectives decline slightly differently from the adjectives whose masculine nominative singular ending is "us." They decline as follows (Note the different endings indicated by italics):

	1st/2nd decl. a.
	m.		f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	os i o on o e	i orum is os is	a ae ae on a	ae arum is as is	on i o on o	a orum is a is

For example:

anomalos, anomala, anomalon a. abnormal

	m.		f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	anomalos anomali anomalo anomalon anomalo anomale	anomali anomalorum anomalis anomalos anomalis	anomala anomalae anomalae anomalan anomala	anomalae anomalarum anomalis anomalas anomalis	anomalon anomali anomalo anomalon anomalo	anomala anomalorum anomalis anomala anomalis

To decline a 1st/2nd declension adjective that ends in "er" or "ur," use the base of the feminine (or neuter) nominative singular.

Identify the adjective’s base for declension, by removing "a" from its feminine nominative singular, or by removing "um" from its neuter nominative singular. Take for an example the following adjective:

sacer, sacra, sacrum a. sacred, holy

For declension, first identify the base:

sacr (base) + a (ending)
sacr (base) + um (ending)

The declension of "sacer," based on the base "sacr," is as follows:

	m.		f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	sacer sacri sacro sacrum sacro	sacri sacrorum sacris sacros sacris	sacra sacrae sacrae sacram sacra	sacrae sacrarum sacris sacras sacris	sacrum sacri sacro sacrum sacro	sacra sacrorum sacris sacra sacris

Take another example of 1st/2nd declension adjective that ends in "er":

ulter, ultra, ultrum a. ultra, surpassing

Again, use the base identifiable from the feminine (or neuter) nominative singular:

ultr (base) + a (ending)
ultr (base) + um (ending)

Based on the base "ultr," "sacer" declines as follows:

	m.		f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	ulter ultri ultro ultrum ultro	ultri ultrorum ultris ultros ultris	ultra ultrae ultrae ultram ultra	ultrae ultrarum ultris ultras ultris	ultrum ultri ultro ultrum ultro	ultra ultrorum ultris ultra ultris

Not all 1st/2nd declension adjectives whose masculine nominative singular ends in "er" drop "e" in their nominative feminine/neuter singulars. For example:

alter, altera, alterum a. other
liber, libera, liberum a. free

As mentioned above, therefore, for 1st/2nd declension adjectives, all 3 gender forms of their nominative singular must be memorized.

"alter" and "liber" decline as follow:

	m.		f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	alter alteri altero alterum altero	alteri alterorum alteris alteros alteris	altera alterae alterae alteram altera	alterae alterarum alteris alteras alteris	alterum alteri altero alterum altero	altera alterorum alteris altera alteris

	m.		f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	liber liberi libero liberum libero	liberi liberorum liberis liberos liberis	libera liberae liberae liberam libera	liberae liberarum liberis liberas liberis	liberum liberi libero liberum libero	libera liberorum liberis libera liberis

There are a few 1st/2nd declension adjectives whose masculine nominative singular ends in "ur." As was with 1st/2nd declension adjectives whose masculine nominative singular ends in "er," the declension of these adjectives are based on the base of feminine/neuter nominative singular.

Identify the adjective’s base for declension, by removing "a" from its feminine nominative singular, or by removing "um" from its neuter nominative singular. For example:

satur, satura, saturum a. saturated, full

satur (base) + a (ending)
satur (base) + um (ending)

	m.		f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	satur saturi saturo saturum saturo	saturi saturorum saturis saturos saturis	satura saturae saturae saturam satura	saturae saturarum saturis saturas saturis	saturum saturi saturo saturum saturo	satura saturorum saturis satura saturis

Very rarely, an adjective may have more than one base form for declension. For example:

dexter, dextra/dextera, dextrum/dexterum a. right (as opposed to left)

	m.		f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	dexter dextri dextro dextrum dextro	dextri dextrorum dextris dextros dextris	dextra dextrae dextrae dextram dextra	dextrae dextrorum dextris dextras dextris	dextrum dextri dextro dextrum dextro	dextra dextrorum dextris dextra dextris

	m.		f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	dexter dexteri dextero dexterum dextero	dexteri dexterorum dexteris dexteros dexteris	dextera dexterae dexterae dexteram dextera	dexterae dexterorum dexteris dexteras dexteris	dexterum dexteri dextero dexterum dextero	dextera dexterorum dexteris dextera dexteris

9.2. 3rd Declension Adjectives

3rd declension adjectives are grouped into three in terms of the number of their distinctive nominative singular forms. Examples of their dictionary entries are as follows:

acer, acris, acre a. sharp (Group 1)
omnis, omne a. every (Group 2)
felix, felicis (gen.) a. blessed, happy (Group 3)

For adjectives of Group 3, their genitive singular is also provided (The purpose of this is explained later).

These are all nominative singular forms. Identify the genders of these entries in the following way:

acer (m.), acris (f.), acre (neut.)
omnis (m./f.), omne (neut.)
felix (m./f./neut.)

The first entry can be distinguished from 1st/2nd declension adjectives since the endings of its feminine and neuter nominative singulars are not "a" and "um."

The declensions of 3rd declension adjectives (of all three Groups) are based on the declension of 3rd declension i-stem nouns. For this reason, 3rd declension adjectives are called "i-stem adjectives."

9.2.1. Group 1

Adjectives of Group 1 are rare, and their masculine nominative singular typically ends in “er.” For example:

acer, celeber, celer, paluster, volucer

3rd declension adjectives are i-stem, so they use the case endings of of 3rd declension i-stem nouns, except for masculine/feminine ablative singulars. Review the case endings of 3rd declension i-stem nouns:

3rd decl. i-stem n.
g.	m./f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	is i em e	es ium ibus es ibus	is i i	ia ium ibus ia ibus

The following is the declension chart of 3rd declension adjectives. It is the same as that of 3rd declension i-stem nouns. The only difference is masculine/feminine ablative singular ending.

3rd decl. a.
g.	m./f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	is i em i	es ium ibus es ibus	is i i	ia ium ibus ia ibus

For 3rd declension i-stem nouns, their masculine and feminine nominative singular forms are identical. But the masculine and feminine nominative singular forms of 3rd declension adjectives of Group 1 are not identical.

Identify the adjective’s base for declension, by removing "is" from its feminine nominative singular, or by removing "e" from its neuter nominative singular. For example:

acer, acris, acre a. sharp

acr (base) + is (ending)
acr (base) + e (ending)

Based on this base, the declension of "acer" is as follows:

	m.		f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	acer acris acri acrem acri	acres acrium acribus acres acribus	acer acris acri acrem acri	acres acrium acribus acres acribus	acre acris acri acre acri	acria acrium acribus acria acribus

Another example:

celeber, celebris, celebre a. famous

celebr (base) + is (ending)
celebr (base) + e (ending)

	m.		f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	celeber celebris celebri celebrem celebri	celebres celebrium celebribus celebres celebribus	celeber celebris celebri celebrem celebri	celebres celebrium celebribus celebres celebribus	celebre celebris celebri celebre celebri	celebria celebrium celebribus celebria celebribus

9.2.2. Group 2

3rd declension adjectives of Group 2 have two different nominative singular forms. Most 3rd declension adjectives belong to this group. Masculine/feminine nominative singular of these adjectives mostly ends in "is" or "ior." For example:

dulcis, immanis, omnis
propior, senior, durior

Adjectives ending in "ior" are comparative adjectives. The comparative of adjectives are discussed later.

The declension of 3rd declension adjectives of Group 2 is the same as that of 3rd declension adjectives of Group 1, except that, in Group 2, masculine and feminine nominative singular forms are identical.

Identify the adjective’s base for declension, by removing "is" from its masculine/feminine nominative singular, or by removing "e" from its neuter nominative singular.

For example:

dulcis, dulce a. sweet

dulc (base) + is (ending)

	m./f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	dulcis dulcis dulci dulcem dulci	dulces dulcium dulcibus dulces/dlcis dulcibus	dulce dulcis dulci dulce dulci	dulcia dulcium dulcibus dulcia dulcibus

Notice that an alternate form for masculine/feminine accusative plural is possible for the adjectives of Group 2.

immanis, immane a. immense, huge

imman (base) + is (ending)
imman (base) + e (ending)

	m./f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	immanis immanis immani immanem immani	immanes immanium immanibus immanes/immanis immanibus	immane immanis immani immane immani	immania immanium immanibus immania immanibus

omnis, omne a. every

omn (base) + is (ending)
omn (base) + e (ending

	m./f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	omnis omnis omni omnem omni	omnes omnium omnibus omnes/omnis omnibus	omne omnis omni omne omni	omnia omnium omnibus omnia omnibus

9.2.3. Group 3

Adjectives of Group 3 are also rare.

The masculine/feminine/neuter nominative singulars of these adjectives are identical.

They end in the following forms:

"par" - compar, dispar, impar, separ
"er" - degener, pauper
"es" - caeles, impubes
"is" - dis
"ns" - clemens, elegans, prudens
"ps" - anceps, inops
"x" - audax, ferax, felix

These forms are not declension endings. The adjectives ending with these forms are considered as having no regular nominative singulars.

To decline the adjectives of Group 3, their genitive singulars must be learned because the base for declension is identified from the genitive singular. So the dictionary entry provides genitive singulars. For example:

compar, comparis (gen.) a. comparable, equal, similar

The base for declension is identified by removing "is" from the genitive singular. For example:

compar (base) + is (ending)

"compar" is declined as follows:

	m./f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	compar comparis compari comparem compari	compares comparium comparibus compares comparibus	compar comparis compari compar compari	comparia comparium comparibus comparia comparibus

More examples:

degener, degeneris (gen.) a. degenerate

degener (base) + is (ending)

	m./f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	degener degeneris degeneri degenerem degeneri	degeneres degenerium degeneribus degeneres degeneribus	degener degeneris degeneri degener degeneri	degeneria degenerium degeneribus degeneria degeneribus

caeles, caelitis (gen.) a. celestial, heavenly

caelit (base) + is (ending)

	m./f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	caeles caelitis caeliti caelitem caeliti	caelites caelitium caelitibus caelites caelitibus	caeles caelitis caeliti caeles caeliti	caelitia caelitium caelitibus caelitia caelitibus

dis, ditis (gen.) a. rich

dit (base) + is (ending)

	m./f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	dis ditis diti ditem diti	dites ditium ditibus dites ditibus	dis ditis diti dis diti	ditia ditium ditibus ditia ditibus

clemens, clementis (gen.) a. merciful

clement (base) + is (ending)

	m./f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	clemens clementis clementi clementem clementi	clementes clementium clementibus clementes clementibus	clemens clementis clementi clemens clementi	clementia clementium clementibus clementia clementibus

anceps, ancipitis (gen.) a. dangerous

ancipit (base) + is (ending)

	m./f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	anceps ancipitis ancipiti ancipitem ancipiti	ancipites ancipitium ancipitibus ancipites ancipitibus	anceps ancipitis ancipiti anceps ancipiti	ancipitia ancipitium ancipitibus ancipitia ancipitibus

audax, audacis (gen.) a. bold

audac (base) + is (ending)

	m./f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	audax audacis audaci audacem audaci	audaces audacium audacibus audaces audacibus	audax audacis audaci audax audaci	audacia audacium audacibus audacia audacibus

9.2.3.1. Irregular

A slight irregularity of declension is possible. For example:

dives, divitis (gen.) a. rich

	m./f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	dives divitis diviti divitem diviti	divites divitum divitibus divites divitibus	dives divitis diviti dives diviti	divitia divitum divitibus divitia divitibus

Notice that genitive plural endings are "um" instead of "ium."

There are adjectives that decline using the case endings of 3rd declension (non i-stem) nouns. For example:

	m./f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	pauper paupis paupi paupem paupe	paupes paupum paupibus paupes paupibus	pauper paupis paupi pauper paupe	paupa paupum paupibus paupa paupibus

9.3. 1st Declension Adjectives

1st declension adjectives of all three genders decline using 1st declension noun endings, except the irregularity in the neuter accusative plurals.

1st decl. a.
g.	m./f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	a ae ae am a	ae arum is as is	a ae ae a a	ae arum is ae is

For example:

alienigena, alienigenae (gen.) a. alien, foreign (Gn 17.20)
alienigen (base) + ae (ending)

alienigena, alienigenae
g.	m./f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	alienigena alienigenae alienigenae alienigenam alienigena	alienigenae alienigenarum alienigenis alienigenas alienigenis	alienigena alienigenae alienigenae alienigena alienigena	alienigenae alienigenarum alienigenis alienigenae alienigenis

amnicola, amnicolae a. growing/dwelling by the river
amnicol (base) + ae (ending)

amnicola, amnicolae
g.	m./f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	amnicola amnicolae amnicolae amnicolam amnicola	amnicolae amnicolarum amnicolis amnicolas amnicolis	amnicola amnicolae amnicolae amnicola amnicola	amnicolae amnicolarum amnicolis amnicolae amnicolis

indigena, indigenae a. indigenous, native (Ex 12.19)
indigen (base) + ae (ending)

indigena, indigenae
g.	m./f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	indigena indigenae indigenae indigenam indigena	indigenae indigenarum indigenis indigenas indigenis	indigena indigenae indigenae indigena indigena	indigenae indigenarum indigenis indigenae indigenis

9.4. Indeclinable Adjectives

There are very rarely indeclinable adjectives. For example:

nequam a. worthless, bad (Gn 38.7)
necesse a. necessary (Gn 25.22)

9.5. Comparison of Adjectives

There are three degrees of comparison of adjectives:

positive
comparative
superlative

9.5.1. Positive

The plain form of an adjective is called "positive degree," or simply "positive." Positive does not signify any comparison. All adjectives discussed thus far are positives.

9.5.2. Comparative

An adjective of "comparative degree," or simply "comparative adjective," signifies a comparison.

Comparatives decline in the way 3rd declension nouns do. So comparatives are considered 3rd declension adjectives. The declensions of the comparatives of both 1st/2nd and 3rd declension positives are based on the declension of 3rd declension nouns.

Recall that the declension of 3rd declension adjectives of positive degree is based on 3rd declension i-stem nouns. But 3rd declension positives and comparatives are both categorized as 3rd declension adjectives.

Comparatives have two different nominative singular forms, resembling the adjectives of Group 2 of 3rd declension positives.

Nominative singulars of a comparative are formed by adding "ior" (for masculine and feminine) and "ius" (for neuter) to their base:

m./f. nom. sing.: base + ior
neut. nom. sing.: base + ius

Since comparatives are considered as 3rd declension adjectives, these ending forms of nominative singulars are not regular declension endings. In other words, as mentioned above, these singulars are considered as having no regular nominative singulars.

Take, for an example, "durus," which is a 1st/2nd declension adjective:

durus, dura, durum a. hard

These are the positive forms of "durus," and its declension chart is as follows:

	m.		f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	durus duri duro durum duro dure	duri durorum duris duros duris	dura durae durae duram dura	durae durarum duris duras duris	durum duri duro durum duro	dura durorum duris dura duris

The comparative nominative singulars are:

m./f. nom.: dur (base) + ior = durior
neut. nom.: dur (base) + ius = durius

Recall the declension chart of 3rd declension noun:

	m./f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	is i em e	es um ibus es ibus	is i e	a um ibus a ibus

The comparative "durior" declines using these declension endings as follows:

durior, durius a. harder

	m./f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	durior durioris duriori duriorem duriore	duriores duriorum durioribus duriores durioribus	durius durioris duriori durius duriore	duriora duriorum durioribus duriora durioribus

The meaning of a comparative is quite flexible. For example, "durior" can express all of the following meanings:

harder
rather hard
very hard
too hard
hardest

Take 3rd declension adjectives for other examples:

Group 1: celer, celeris, celere a. quick
Group 2: nobilis, nobile a. noble
Group 3: prudens, prudentis (gen.) a. prudent

The declensions of these positives and of their comparatives are as follows:

celer (base) + is (ending)

	m.		f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	celer celeris celeri celerem celeri	celeres celerium celeribus celeres celeribus	celeris celeris celeri celerem celeri	celeres celerium celeribus celeres celeribus	celere celeris celeri celere celeri	celeria celerium celeribus celeria celeribus

m./f. nom.: celer (base) + ior = celerior
neut. nom.: celer (base) + ius = celerius

	m./f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	celerior celerioris celeriori celeriorem celeriore	celeriores celeriorum celerioribus celeriores celerioribus	celerius celerioris celeriori celerius celeriore	celeriora celeriorum celerioribus celeriora celerioribus

nobil (base) + is (ending)

	m./f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	nobilis nobilis nobili nobilem nobili	nobiles nobilium nobilibus nobiles/nobilis nobilibus	nobile nobilis nobili nobile nobili	nobilia nobilium nobilibus nobilia nobilibus

m./f. nom.: nobil (base) + ior = nobilior
neut. nom.: nobil (base) + ius = nobilius

	m./f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	nobilior nobilioris nobiliori nobiliorem nobiliore	nobiliores nobiliorum nobilioribus nobiliores nobilioribus	nobilius nobilioris nobiliori nobilius nobiliore	nobiliora nobiliorum nobilioribus nobiliora nobilioribus

prudent (base) + is (ending)

	m./f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	prudens prudentis prudenti prudentem prudenti	prudentes prudentium prudentibus prudentes prudentibus	prudens prudentis prudenti prudens prudente	prudentia prudentium prudentibus prudentia prudentibus

m./f. nom.: prudent (base) + ior = prudentior
neut. nom.: prudent (base) + ius = prudentius

	m./f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	prudentior prudentioris prudentiori prudentiorem prudentiore	prudentiores prudentiorum prudentioribus prudentiores prudentioribus	prudentius prudentioris prudentiori prudentius prudentiore	prudentiora prudentiorum prudentioribus prudentiora prudentioribus

Not all adjectives have a comparative form. The comparison of those adjectives that do not have comparatives can be expressed by being modified by the adverb "magis" which means "more." For example, comparatives for the following adjectives are not available:

abominabilis, abominabile (gen.) a. abominiable
impius, impia, impium a. impious, disloyal
memor, memoris (gen.) a. mindful, remembrering

They can be modified by "magis" to express a comparison as follows:

magis abominabilis (more abominable)
magis impius (more impious)
magis memor (more mindful)

To indicate gender, case and number, only adjective is declined because adverbs are not declinable (Adverbs are discussed later).

"magis" can modify comparatives as well. For example:

melior, melius a. better
magis, melior (more better)

A positive may have an additional (irregular) comparative form. For example:

positive: iuvenis, iuvenis (gen.) a. young
comparative 1: iuvenior, iuvenius a. younger
comparative 2: iunior, iunius a. younger

9.5.2.1. Irregular

Some adjectives have comparative forms which do not share the same base. For example:

positive: bonus, bona, bonum a. good
comparative: melior, melius a. better

positive: citer, citra, citrum a. near
comparative: citerior, citerius a. nearer

positive: magnus, magna, magnum a. great
comparative: maior, maius a. greater

positive: multus, multa, multum a. much (sing.), many (pl.)
comparative: -, plus a. more

positive: malus, mala, malum a. bad
comparative: peior, peius a. worse

positive: parvus, parva, parvum a. small
comparative: minor, minus a. smaller

In general, the declension of these irregular comparatives is the same as that of regular comparatives. For example:

	m./f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	melior melioris meliori meliorem meliore	meliores meliorum melioribus meliores melioribus	melius melioris meliori melius meliore	meliora meliorum melioribus meliora melioribus

The declension of "plus" is as follows:

	m./f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	- - - - -	plura plurium pluribus plura pluribus	plus pluris - plus plure	plura plurium pluribus plura pluribus

The declension of "plus" is irregular. It does not have m./f. singulars and neut. dative singular. Note the irregular genitive plurals - "plurium."

"maior" and "maius" may be written alternatively as "major" and "majus."

"plus" as noun is a 3rd declension neuter noun that occurs only in the singular, and it declines as follows:

	neut.
case	sing.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	plus pluris pluri plus plure

"plus" is used as adverb as well. Adverbs are discussed later.

The indeclinable adjective "nequam" introduced above has a declinable comparative:

positive: nequam a. worthless
comparative: nequior, nequius a. more worthless

Some comparatives do not have a positive form. For example:

positive: -
comparative: anterior, anterius a. former

positive: -
comparative: deterior, deterius a. worse

positive: -
comparative: interior, interius a. inner

positive: -
comparative: ocior, ocius a. faster

positive: -
comparative: potior, potius a. more able

positive: -
comparative: prior, prius a. prior

positive: -
comparative: propior, propius a. nearer

positive: -
comparative: ulterior, ulterius a. further away

"deterior" and "peior" both mean "worse." But as shown above, "malus" (bad) is considered as the positive form of "peior."

"anterior" has neither a positive nor a superlative.

Observe the following three adjectives. They all mean "near," but "citer" is irregular, a positive is lacking for "propior," and "propinquus" is regular.

positive: citer, citra, citrum a. near
comparative: citerior, citerius a. nearer

positive: -
comparative: propior, propius a. nearer

positive: propinquus, propinqua, propinquum a. near
comparative: propinquior, propinquius a. nearer

9.5.3. Superlative

A simple way to form a superlative is to modify its positive with the adverb "maxime" (most). For example:

bonus (good)
magis bonus (more good, better)
maxime bonus (most good, best)

Another way to form a superlative is to decline its positive.

The declension of superlatives is based on 1st/2nd declension adjective endings. So superlatives are categorized as 1st/2nd declension adjectives. This means that even the superlative of 3rd declension positives becomes 1st/2nd declension adjective.

Review the declension of 1st/2nd declension positives:

1st/2nd decl. a. (positive)
	m.		f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	us/- i o um o e/-	i orum is os is	a ae ae am a	ae arum is as is	um i o um o	a orum is a is

The difference between the declensions of 1st/2nd declension positives and superlatives is that, for superlatives, the masculine nominative ending is always "us" and the masculine vocative singular ending is "e":

1st/2nd decl. a. (superlative)
	m.		f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	us i o um o e	i orum is os is	a ae ae am a	ae arum is as is	um i o um o	a orum is a is

Superlatives are formed in the following way (The base of positive is transformed before endings are added to it for declension):

base + issim + endings
base + lim + endings (when the base ends with "l")
base + rim + endings (when the base ends with "r")

Take for example the following 1st/2nd declension positive:

beatus, beata, beatum a. happy

The base is transformed for declension as follows:

beat (base) + issim = beatissim

The masculine nominative singular of the supelartive of "beatus" is:

beatissim + us = beatissimus

Its dictionary entry is:

beatissimus, beatissima, beatissimum a. happiest

"beastissimus" is declined as follows:

	m.		f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	beatissimus beatissimi beatissimo beatissimum beatissimo beatissime	beatissimi beatissimorum beatissimis beatissimos beatissimis	beatissima beatissimae beatissimae beatissimam beatissima	beatissimae beatissimarum beatissimis beatissimas beatissimis	beatissimum beatissimi beatissimo beatissimum beatissimo	beatissima beatissimorum beatissimis beatissima beatissimis

The meaning of the superlative is also broad. For example, "beatissimus" can mean:

very happy
rather happy
too happy
happiest

As discussed above, the comparative "beatior" (happier) can cover all these meanings.

Take other examples (of 3rd declension positives):

celer, celeris, celere a. quick
celerrimus, celerrima, celerrimum a. quickest

	m.		f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	celerrimus celerrimi celerrimo celerrimum celerrimo celerrime	celerrimi celerrimorum celerrimis celerrimos celerrimis	celerrima celerrimae celerrimae celerrimam celerrima	celerrimae celerrimarum celerrimis celerrimas celerrimis	celerrimum celerrimi celerrimo celerrimum celerrimoi	celerrima celerrimorum celerrimis celerrima celerrimis

Notice that "rissim" is added to the base because the base ends with "r."

gravis, grave a. heavy
gravissimus, gravissima, gravissimum a. heaviest

	m.		f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	gravissimus gravissimi gravissimo gravissimum gravissimo gravissime	gravissimi gravissimorum gravissimis gravissimos gravissimis	gravissima gravissimae gravissimae gravissimam gravissima	gravissimae gravissimarum gravissimis gravissimas gravissimis	gravissimum gravissimi gravissimo gravissimum gravissimo	gravissima gravissimorum gravissimis gravissima gravissimis

difficilis, difficile a. difficult
difficillimus, difficillima, difficillimum a. most difficult

	m.		f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	difficillimus difficillimi difficillimo difficillimum difficillimo difficillime	difficillimi difficillimorum difficillimis difficillimos difficillimis	difficillima difficillimae difficillimae difficillimam difficillima	difficillimae difficillimarum difficillimis difficillimas difficillimis	difficillimum difficillimi difficillimo difficillimum difficillimo	difficillima difficillimorum difficillimis difficillima difficillimis

Notice that "lissim" is added to the base because the base ends with "l."

prudens, prudentis (gen.) a. prudent
prudentissimus, prudentissima, prudentissimum a. most prudent

	m.		f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	prudentissimus prudentissimi prudentissimo prudentissimum prudentissimo prudentissime	prudentissimi prudentissimorum prudentissimis prudentissimos prudentissimis	prudentissima prudentissimae prudentissimae prudentissimam prudentissima	prudentissimae prudentissimarum prudentissimis prudentissimas prudentissimis	prudentissimum prudentissimi prudentissimo prudentissimum prudentissimo	prudentissima prudentissimorum prudentissimis prudentissima prudentissimis

Just as not all adjectives have a comparative form, not all positives have a superlative form. For example:

positive: ingens, ingentis (gen.) a. huge
comparative: ingentior, ingentius a. huger
superlative: -

positive: iuvenis, iuvenis (gen.) a. young
comparative 1: iuvenior, iuvenius a. younger
comparative 2: iunior, iunius a. younger
superlative: -

positive: opimus, opima, opimum, a. rich
comparative: opimior, opimius a. richer
superlative: -

positive: satur, satura, saturum a. saturated, full
comparative: saturior, saturius a. more saturated, fuller
superlative: -

cf. "senior" has a superlative form:

positive: senex, senis (gen.) a. old, elderly
comparative: senior, senius a. older, elder
superlative: senissimus, senissima, senissimum a. oldest, eldest

Some positives have only superlative form:

positive: diversus, diversa, diversum a. diverse
comparative: -
superlative: diversissimus, diversissima, diversissimum a. most diverse

positive: novus, nova, novum a. new
comparative: -
superlative: novissimus, novissima, novissimum a. newest

positive: nuperus, nupera, nuperum a. late
comparative: -
superlative: nuperrimus, nuperrima, nuperrimum a. most late

positive: pius, pia, pium a. pious
comparative: -
superlative: piissimus, a, um a. most pious

positive: sacer, sacra, sacrum a. sacred
comparative: -
superlative: sacerrimus, sacerrima, sacerrimum a. most sacred

9.5.3.1. Irregular

The positives whose irregular comparatives were discussed above also have irregular superlatives.

positive: bonus, bona, bonum a. good
comparative: melior, melius a. better
superlative: optimus, optima, optimum a. best

positive: citer, citra, citrum a. near
comparative: citerior, citerius a. nearer
superlative: citerior, citerius a. nearer

positive: magnus, magna, magnum a. great
comparative: major, majus a. greater
superlative: maximus, maxima, maximum a. greatest

positive: multus, multa, multum a. much (sing.), many (pl.)
comparative: -, plus a. more
superlative: plurimus, plurima, plurimum a. most

positive: malus, mala, malum a. bad
comparative: peior, peius a. worse
superlative: pessimus, pessima, pessimum a. worst

positive: parvus, parva, parvum a. small
comparative: minor, minus a. smaller
superlative: minimus, minima, minimum a. smallest

The declension of these irregular superlatives is the same as that of regular superlatives. The declension of all irregular superlatives discussed in this section below is the same as that of regular superlatives.

The positives and comparatives of the following adjectives are regular, but their superlatives are irregular:

positive: acer, acris, acre a. sharp
comparative: acrior, acrius a. sharper
superlative: acerrimus, acerrimus, acerrimum a. sharpest

positive: aeger, aegris, aegrum a. sick
comparative: aegrior, aegrius a. sicker
superlative: aegerrimus, aegerrima, aegerrimum a. sickest

positive: pulcher, pulchra, pulcrum a. beautiful
comparative: pulcherior, pulcherius a. more beautiful
superlative: pulcherrimus, pulcherrima, pulcherrimum a. most beautiful

The most of the comparatives (introduced above) whose positives are lacking have a superlative, which is usually irregular:

positive: -
comparative: anterior, anterius a. former
superlative: -

positive: -
comparative: deterior, deterius a. worse
superlative: deterrimus, deterrima, deterrimum a. worst

positive: -
comparative: interior, interius a. inner
superlative: intimus, intima, intimum a. innermost

positive: -
comparative: ocior, ocius a. faster
superlative: ocissimus, ocissima, ocissimum a. fastest

positive: -
comparative: potior, potius a. more able/preferable
superlative: potissimus, a, um a. most able/preferable, strongest

positive: -
comparative: prior, prius a. prior
superlative: primus, prima, primum a. first

positive: -
comparative: comparative: propior, propius a. nearer
superlative: proximus, proxima, proximum, nearest

positive: -
comparative: ulterior, ulterius a. farther
superlative: ultimus, ultima, ultimium a. farthest

A positive may have a regular comparative form with two irregular superlative forms. For example:

positive: exter/exterus, extera, exterum a. external
comparative: exterior, exterius a. exterior
superlative 1: extremus, extremus, extremum a. most external, extremest, last
superlative 2: extimus, extima, extimum

positive: infermus, infera, inferum a. low
comparative: inferior, inferius a. lower
superlative 1: infimus, infima, infimum a. lowest
superlative 2: imus, ima, imum

positive: posterus, postera, posterum a. following, coming after
comparative: posterior, posterius a. posterior
superlative 1: postremus, postrema, postremum a. last
superlative 2: postumus, postuma, postumum

positive: superus, supera, superum a. upper, super
comparative: superior, superius a. superior
superlative 1: supremus, suprema, supremum a. supreme, highest, greatest
superlative 2: summus, summa, summum

"exter" has an alternative masculine nominative singuar "exterus."

9.6. Substantive Adjective

When a noun modified by an adjective is omitted for the sake of brevity, the modifying adjective is called a "substantive," or a "substantive adjective." Take the following noun and adjective for example:

mulier, mulieris n. f. woman (3rd decl.)
Romanus, Romana, Romanum a. Roman (1st/2nd decl.)

The feminine noun "mulier" (in the nominative singular), modified by the adjective "Romanus," can be expressed as:

Romana (← Romana mulier)

The context will verify the omitted noun.

"mulier" in the genitive plural, modified by "Romanus," can be expressed as:

Romanorum (← Romanorum mulierum)

Take other examples (suppose the noun "res" is genitive singular):

justus, justa, justum a. just
verus, vera, verum a. true

res, rei n. f. thing (5th decl.)

res justae (of just thing) → justae (of justice)
res verae (of true thing) → verae (of truth)

Often times, the omitted noun is "people" or "things" in general. When the omitted noun is people, the substantive is masculine plural because the noun for "people" is masculine:

populus, populi, n. m. people (2nd decl.)
bonus, bona, bonum a. good (1st/2nd decl.)

boni populi (good people) → boni (the good) (nom./voc. pl.)
bonis populis (to good people/from good people) → bonis (to the good/from the good) (dat./abl. pl.)

"populi" in the plural means "people." Its singular "populus," as a collective noun, also means "people" which is treated as a single unity.

Take another example:

multus, multa, multum a. much (sing.), many (pl.)

multi populi (many people) → multi (the many) (nom./voc. pl.)
multis populis (to many people/from many people) → multis (to the many/from the many) (dat./abl. pl.)

When the omitted noun is "things" in general, the substantive used is usually neuter plural, even though the word for "thing" is feminine:

varius, varia, varium a. various (1st/2nd decl.)
res varias (various things) → varia (the various) (acc.)

In this example, "varias" indicates that "res" is feminine accusative plural. When "res" is not omitted, the modifying adjective "varias" agrees in gender, case and number with the noun it modifies. But it becomes "varia," which is neuter plural, as substantive when the plural noun which it modifies is omitted.

omnis, omne a. every (3rd decl.)
res omnes (all things) → omnia (the all) (nom./acc./voc.)

When the omitted noun is "res" in the singular, the substantive is feminine. For example, "res" in the nominative singular, modified by "verus," can be expressed as:

vera (← res vera)

"res" in the nominative singular, modified by "omnis," can be expressed as:

omnis (← res omnis)

"res" in the accusative plural, modified by "varius," can be expressed as:

varia (← res varias)

"res" in the accusative plural, modified by "omnis," can be expressed as:

omnia (← res omnes/omnis)

Take other examples (suppose "res" is genitive singular):

justus, justa, justum a. just
verus, vera, verum a. true

res justae (of just thing) → justae (of justice)
res verae (of true thing) → verae (of truth)

11. Personal Pronoun and Possessive Adjective

Not all personal pronouns in the genitive are used as a possessive adjective.

11.1. Non-Reflexive Personal Pronoun

Reflexive Personal Pronouns involve reference to "self." Pronouns discussed in this section are non-reflexive.

Latin has no 3rd person personal pronouns proper. The demonstrative "is" discussed above is used for 3rd person. The declension of non-reflexive personal pronoun is irregular:

p.	1		2		3
g.	m./f.		m./f.		m.		f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	ego mei mihi me me	nos nostri/nostrum nobis bos nobis	tu tui tibi te te	vos vestri/vestrum vobis vos vobis	is ejus ei eum eo	ei eorum eis eos eis	ea ejus ei eam ea	eae earum eis eas eis	id ejus ei id eo	ea eorum eis ea eis

"nostri" and "vestri" are called "objective genitive." For example:

1st person: remembrance of us (nostri)
2nd person: remembrance of you (vestri)

"us" and "you" are objects of "remembrance."

"nostrum" and "vestrum" are called "partitive genitive." For example:

1st person: many of us (nostrum)
2nd person: many of you (vestrum)

"many" is a part of "us" and "you."

"mei" and "tui" are used both objectively and partitively.

In Latin, these functions of genitive case is distinguished from the "possessive genitive." For example:

objective genitive: remembrance of you
partitive genitive: many of us
possessive genitive: my memory

In the third example, "memory" is my possession.

1st and 2nd person genitives of non-reflexive personal pronouns are not used as a possessive genitive. The following English phrase is not expressed by 2nd person genitive pronoun.

Father of me (= our Father)

"of me" is neither objective nor partitive genitives. For "me" is not an object of "Father" and "Father is not part of "me." "of me" (or "our") is expressed by a possessive adjective.

For 1st and 2nd persons, possession is expressed by possessive adjectives, which is discussed in the next section.

For 3rd person, genitive is used for all thee purposes (objective/partitive/possessive). For example:

objective genitive: fear of them (eorum)
partitive genitive: none of them (eorum)
possessive genitive: their brother (eorum)

In these examples, "them" and "their" refer to men. If they refer to women, they are expressed by "earum."

The gender/case/number of a pronoun agrees those of a noun which the pronoun represents.

cf. As will be discussed in the next section, the gender/case/number of possessive adjective agrees with those of a noun which the adjective modifies, not with those of the possessor. For example:

Our Father! ("our": masculine vocative singular)

Even if "our" refers to a group of women, "our" should be expressed by masculine adjective because "Father" is a masculine noun. Also the adjective should be singular because "Father" is singular.

11.2. Non-Reflexive Possessive Adjective

The following adjectives are "non-reflexive possessive adjectives":

meus, mea, meum a. my
noster, nostra, nostrum a. our
tuus, tua, tuum a. your (singular)
vester, vestra, vestrum a. your (plural)
ejus a. his
ejus a. her
ejus a. its

cf. Reflexive possessive adjectives involve reference to "self."

As discussed above, demonstratives ("ejus," "eorum," "earum") used for 3rd person genitive can express possession. When they are used as non-reflexive possessive adjectives, singular forms for all three genders are identical"ejus" remains the same in form for three genders. For example:

his children (ejus)
her room (ejus)
its door (ejus)
their (eg. two women’s) hope (earum)
their house (eorum)

As mentioned above, 1st and 2nd person possessive adjectives decline according to gender/case/number of the noun that they modify.

3rd person possessive adjectives do not have different case forms, but only different forms for different genders and numbers. Singular forms for all three genders are identical.

	m.		f.		neut.
p.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
3	ejus	eorum	ejus	earum	ejus	eorum

These adjectives do not follow the ordinary way an adjective and its modified noun agree in gender/case/number. The gender of these possessive adjectives is not determined by that of the noun it modifies. Their gender is determined by that of the possessor. For example:

His daughters are young. (ejus)
We see his daughters. (ejus)

"daughter" is feminine plural, but "ejus" here is masculine singular because it represents masculine possessor.

And in the first example, "daughters" are subject, and in the second, object. But "ejus" does not have different case form, so both are expressed by "ejus."

Take other examples:

in his ways (ejus)
They heard his voice. (ejus)

In the first example, "ways" is feminine ablative plural, and in the second, "voice" is feminine accusative singular, but for both, masculine singular "ejus" is used to express "his."

1st and 2nd person non-reflexive possessive adjectives are 1st/2nd declension adjectives:

meus, mea, meum
g.	m.		f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	meus mei meo meum meomi	mei meorum meis meos meis	mea meae meae meam mea	meae mearum meis meas meis	meum mei meo meum meo	mea meorum meis mea meis

Notice that the masculine vocative singular of "meus" is "mi."

noster, nostra, nostrum
g.	m.		f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	noster nostri nostro nostrum nostro	nostri nostrorum nostris nostros nostris	nostra nostrae nostrae nostram nostra	nostrae nostrarum nostris nostras nostris	nostrum nostri nostro nostrum nostro	nostra nostrorum nostris nostra nostris

tuus, tua, tuum
g.	m.		f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	tuus tui tuo tuum tuo tue	tui tuorum tuis tuos tuis	tua tuae tuae tuam tua	tuae tuarum tuis tuas tuis	tuum tui tuo tuum tuo	tua tuorum tuis tua tuis

Notice that the masculine vocative singular of "tuus" is "tue."

vester, vestra, vestrum
g.	m.		f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	vester vestri vestro vestrum vestro	vestri vestrorum vestris vestros vestris	vestra vestrae vestrae vestram vestra	vestrae vestrarum vestris vestras vestris	vestrum vestri vestro vestrum vestro	vestra vestrorum vestris vestra vestris

Unlike "ejus," 1st and 2nd person non-reflexive possessive adjectives agree with the noun they modify in gender/case/number. This means, for example, that even if the possessor is masculine, it takes a feminine adjective when modifying a feminine noun. In other words, like ordinary adjectives, the gender of these possessive adjectives is determined by that of the noun it modifies, not by the gender of the possessor. Examine the following:

My lord has abandoned me. (meus, I Sam 30.13)
bone from my bones, and flesh from my flesh (meis, mea, Gn 2.23)

"of bones" is neuter ablative plural, so neuter ablative plural "meis" is used, even if the possessor is Adam. And "of flesh" is feminine ablative singular, so feminine ablative singular "mea" is used, even if Adam is masculine.

Take another example:

Place these my words in your hearts. (mea, Dt 11.18)

The word for "words" is neuter accusative plural, so "mea" here is neuter accusative plural.

As discussed above, the modified noun may be omitted, and the modifying adjective is used as a substantive. Possessive adjectives also can be used as a substantive. 1st and 2nd person non-reflexive possessive adjectives used as substantive can be translated into English as follows:

mine/ours
yours/yours

For example:

The kingdom was mine (= my thing). (meum, I Kgs 2.15) All are mine (= all things). (mea, Ex 13.2)

The word for "kingdom" is neuter. And, as introduced above, also "res (thing/things)" is a neuter word.

Other examples:

Vengeance is mine (= my vengeance) (mea, Dt 32.35)
Your son is dead, but mine (= my son) is alive. (meus, I Kgs 3.22)
Gilead is mine. {meus, Ps 59:9}
All the cattles are mine. (meae, Ps 49/50.10)

The possessor in the first example refers to God, but the word for "vengeance" is feminine, so feminine form is used for the modifying possessive adjective. The word for "cattles" is feminine plural.

As discussed above, when used as a substantive modifying the omitted noun meaning "thing/things," the adjective takes a neuter form because the omitted noun is "res" which is a neuter noun. Likewise, 1st and 2nd person non-reflexive possessive adjectives take a neuter form when used as a substantive modifying "res." For example:

res tua (your thing) (f. nom. sing.) → tua (yours) (f. nom. sing.)
res tuas (your things) (acc. pl.) → tua (yours) (neut. pl.)

11.3. Reflexive Personal Pronoun

Words meaning "myself," "yourselves" etc. are called "reflexive pronouns." cf. Personal pronouns discussed above are called "non-reflexive pronouns."

Reflexive and non-reflexive personal pronouns of 1st and 2nd persons are identical in form. So one and the same form of them can be interpreted in two different ways. For example:

mei (of me)
mei (of myself)

For 3rd person, particular forms are used instead of using 3rd person non-reflexive personal pronouns.

Reflexive personal pronouns decline as follows:

p.	1		2		3
g.	m./f.		m./f.		m./f./neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	mei mihi me me	nostri/nostrum nobis nos nobis	tui tibi te te	vestri/vestrum vobis vos vobis	sui sibi se se	sui sibi se se

Nominatives of reflexive personal pronoun are not used.

Singular and plural forms of reflexive personal pronouns of 3rd person are identical.

As in non-reflexive personal pronouns, 1st and 2nd person genitive of reflexive personal pronouns is used only objectively and partitively. So the following can be expressed by them:

love of myself (mei)
portion of yourselves (tibi)

But the following cannot be expressed by the genitive of reflexive personal pronouns:

my own life

The meaning of "one’s own" is expressed by "reflexive possessive adjective," which is discussed in the next section.

11.4. Reflexive Possessive Adjective

The following concepts are expressed by 1st and 2nd person reflexive possessive adjectives, not by 1st and 2nd person genitive of reflexive personal pronouns:

my own
our own
your (singular) own
your (plural) own

These expressions intensify the meaning of non-reflexive possessive adjectives.

For 1st and 2nd person, reflexive and non-reflexive possessive adjectives are identical in form. For example:

non-reflexive possessive adjective: my country (meus)
reflexive possessive adjective: my own country (meus)

For 3rd person, distinctive forms are used, ie. instead of using 3rd person reflexive possessive adjectives.

The following adjectives are "reflexive possessive adjectives":

meus, mea, meum a. my own
noster, nostra, nostrum a. our own
tuus, tua, tuum a. your (singular) own
vester, vestra, vestrum a. your (plural) own
suus, sua, suum a. his/her/its own

cf. 3rd person non-reflexive possessive adjective "eius" (his/her/its) declines according only to gender and number, but 3rd person reflexive possessive adjective "suus" declines according to gender/case/number.

For 1st and 2nd person reflexive possessive adjective forms, refer to the declension chart of non-reflexive possessive adjectives provided above.

3rd person reflexive possessive adjective is a 1st/2nd declension adjective and declines as follows:

	m.		f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	suus sui suo suum suo sue	sui suorum suis suos suis	sua suae suam sua sua	suae suarum suis suas suis	suum sui suo suum suo	sua suorum suis sua suis

Notice irregular vocative form "sue."

Distinguish the following uses of 3rd person possessive adjectives:

non-flexive possessive adjective: She loves her (other woman’s) child. (ejus)
reflexive possessive adjective: She loves her own child. (sua)
non-flexive possessive adjective: He has his (other man’s) chair. (ejus)
reflexive possessive adjective: He has his own chair. (suum)

The meaning of a 3rd person reflexive possessive adjective can be more intensified by the addition of an intensive pronoun to the adjective. This will be discussed in the next section.

13. Interrogative Pronoun/Adjective and Indefinite Pronoun/Adjective

Interrogative pronoun and indefinite pronoun are closely related to each other by nature. And they both can work as an adjective as well. In this section, the following interrogative and indefinite pronouns, and their use as an adjective, will be discussed.

	interrogative pronoun	interrogative adjective	indefinite pronoun	indefinite adjective
qui, quae, quod	who, what, which	what, what kind of, which	anyone, anything	any
quis, quis, quid	who, what, which		anyone, anything, someone, something
qualis, qualis, quale		what kind of
quantus, quanta, quantum		how much
quot		how many
quisquam, quaequm, quidquam/quicquam			anyone, anything
aliquis, aliquis, aliquid			anyone, anything, someone, something
quispiam, quispiam, quidpiam/quippiam			anyone, anything, someone, something	any, some
quicumque, quaecumque, quodcumque			whoever, whatever
quidam, quaedam, quiddam			someone, something	some

"someone," "something" can mean "a certain person," "a certain thing."

13.1. Interrogative Pronoun

Interrogative pronouns indicate a noun asked about in a question. For example:

qui, quae, quod pron. who, what, which
quis, quis, quid pron. who, what, which

"qui" declines as follows:

qui, quae, quod
g.	m.		f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	qui cujus cui quem quo	qui quorum quibus quos quibus	quae cujus cui quam qua	quae quarum quibus quas quibus	quod cujus cui quod quo	quae quorum quibus quae quibus

Examples of the use of "qui":

Who/Which is my mother? (qui, Mt 12.48)
What is this wisdom, that is given to him? (quae, Mk 6.2)
Whose daughter are you? (cujus, Gn 24.23)
Whom are you pursuing? (quem, 1 Sm 24.15)

Examples of the use of "quis":

quis, quis, quid
g.	m.		f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	quis cujus cui quem quo	qui quorum quibus quos quibus	quis cujus cui quem qua	quae quarum quibus quas quibus	quid cujus cui quid quo	quae quorum quibus quae quibus

"qui" and "quis" decline in a very similar way. Besides nominative singulars, only three forms differ. (Different forms are marked as italics.)

Examples of the use of "quis":

Who then can be saved? (quis, Mk 10.26)
What do you think this boy will be? (quis, Lk 1.66)
Which (which of the two persons) loves him more? (quis, Lk 7.42)

13.2. Interrogative Adjective

Interrogative adjectives modify a noun asked about in question. For example:

qualis, qualis, quale a. what kind of
quantus, quanta, quantum a. how much
qui, quae, quod a. what, what kind of, which
quot a. how many

They decline, except for "quot," according to the gender/case/number of the noun they modify.

"quails" declines as follows:

qualis, qualis, quale
g.	m./f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	qualis qualis quali qualem quali	quales qualium qualibus quales/qualis qualibus	quale qualis quali quale quali	qualia qualium qualibus qualia qualibus

Notice that "quails" is a 3rd declension adjective with two different nominative singular forms (Group 2).

Examples of the use of "quails":

What kind of form is he? (quails, I Sam 28.14)
Consider … what kind of city (quales, Nm 13.19)

"quantus" declines as follows:

quantus, quanta, quantum
g.	m.		f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	quantus quanti quanto quantum quanto quante	quanti quantorum quantis quantos quantis	quanta quantae quantae quantam quanta	quantae quantarum quantis quantas quantis	quantum quanti quanto quantum quanto	quanta quantorum quantis quanta quantis

An example of the use of "quantus":

How much time (= How long) is it? (quantum, Mk 9.20)

The word for "time" in this example is neuter singular.

See how much solitude (sorrow) it operates (works, performs) in you. (quantam, II Cor 7.11)

"quantus" is a 1st/2nd declension adjective.

The interrogative pronoun "qui" is also used as interrogative adjective. Its declension is the same as it is used as an interrogative pronoun. Reefer to the declension chart of the interrogative pronoun provided above.

Examples of the use of "qui":

On account of what reason … (quam, Gn 12.19)
On account of what sin … (quod, Gn 31.39)

The preposition "ob (on account of, for the purpose of)" takes an object in the accusative. The word for "reason" is feminine, and "sin" neuter.

Other examples:

He said this, signifying of what kind of death he would die. (qua, Jn 12.33)
Which country is yours? (= Of which country are you from?) (quae, Jon 1.8)
From which people are you? (quo, Jon 1.8)

The words for "death" and "country" are feminine. The word for "people" is masculine singular.

"qui" is an irregular adjective.

"quot" is not declinable.

An example of the use of "quot":

see how many thousands there are among the Jews (quot, Acts 21.10)

13.3. Indefinite Pronoun

The interrogative pronouns discussed above are also used as indefinite pronouns with the following meanings:

	interrogative adjective	indefinite pronoun
qui, quae, quod	who, what, which	anyone, anything
quis, quis, quid	who, what, which	anyone, anything, someone, something

The declensions of "qui" and "quis" are the same as when they are used as interrogative pronouns.

m./f. nom. sing.: If anyone is for the Lord … (qui, Ex. 32.26)
m./f. nom. sing.: If anyone does not give … (quis, Mi 3.5)
m./f./neut. dat. sing.: not tell anyone (cui, Mk 7.36)
m./f. nom. sing.: If someone went to … (quis, Lk 16.30)

The following indefinite pronoun has the same meaning as "qui":

quisquam, quaequm, quidquam/quicquam pron. anyone, anything

Basically, "quisquam" is "quis" with "quam" added as to it. So the declension of "quisquam" is the same as "quis" except for a slight difference in the accusative. ("quidquam" may be written as "quicquam.") Recall that the declension of "quis" is also basically the same as that of "qui," except for a slight difference in the accusative. Compare those differences:

qui, quae, quod
g.	m.		f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	qui cujus cui quem quo	qui quorum quibus quos quibus	quae cujus cui quam qua	quae quarum quibus quas quibus	quod cujus cui quod quo	quae quorum quibus quae quibus

quis, quis, quid
g.	m.		f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	quis cujus cui quem quo	qui quorum quibus quos quibus	quis cujus cui quem qua	quae quarum quibus quas quibus	quid cujus cui quid quo	quae quorum quibus quae quibus

quisquam, quaequm, quidquam/quicquam
g.	m.		f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	quisquam cujusquam cuiquam quemquam quoquam	quiquam quorumquam quibusquam quosquam quibusquam	quaequam cujusquam cuiquam quamquam quoquam	quaequam quarumquam quibusquam quasquam quibusquam	quidquam/quicquam cujusquam cuiquam quidquam/quicquam quoquam	quaequam quorumquam quibusquam quaequam quibusquam

Examples of the use of "quisquam":

m./f./neut. dat. sing.: not tell anyone (cuiquam, Mk 9.8)
m. nom. sing.: Is there not anyone? (quisquam, 1 Cor 6.5)
neut. acc. sing.: do anything (quidquam, Jn 5.19)
neut. acc. sing.: borrowed anything (quidquam, Ex 22.14)

The following indefinite pronoun has the same meaning as "quis":

aliquis, aliquis, aliquid pron. anyone, anything, someone, something
quispiam, quispiam, quidpiam/quippiam pron. anyone, anything, someone, something

The difference between "quis" and "aliquis" is the addition of "ali," and the declension of "aliquis" is the same as that of "quis." Also the difference between "quis" and "quispiam" is the addition of "piam," and the declension of "quispiam" is the same as that of "quis." ("quidpiam" may be written as "quippiam.")

aliquis, aliquis, aliquid
g.	m.		f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	aliquis alicujus alicui aliquem aliquo	aliqui aliquorum aliquibus aliquos aliquibus	aliquis alicujus alicui aliquem aliquo	aliquae aliquarum aliquibus aliquas aliquibus	aliquid alicujus alicui aliquid aliquo	aliquae aliquorum aliquibus aliquae aliquibus

quispiam, quispiam, quidpiam/quippiam
g.	m.		f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	quispiam cujuspiam cuipiam quempiam quopiam	quipiam quorumpiam quibuspiam quospiam quibuspiam	quispiam cujuspiam cuipiam quempiam quopiam	quaepiam quarumpiam quibuspiam quaspiam quibuspiam	quidpiam/quippiam cujuspiam cuipiam quidpiam/quippiam quopiam	quaepiam quorumpiam quibuspiam quaepiam quibuspiam

Examples of the use of "aliquis" and "quispiam":

m./f. nom. sing.: Someone has touched me. (aliquis, Lk. 8.46)
m./f./neut. abl. sing.: house built by someone (aliquo, Hb 3.4)
m. nom. sing.: Anyone should not be seen. (quispiam, Ex 34.3)
m. acc. sing.: afflicted anything of them (donkeys) (quempiam, Nm 16.15)
neut. acc. sing.: have done anything of work (quippiam, Lv 23.30)
neut. acc. sing.: doing something of work (quippiam, Gn 39.11)

The word for "donkey" is masculine.

Other indefinite pronouns:

quicumque, quaecumque, quodcumque pron. whoever, whatever
quidam, quaedam, quiddam pron. someone, something

The declension of "quicumque" is the same as that of "qui" except for the addition of "cumque":

quicumque, quaecumque, quodcumque
g.	m.		f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	quicumque cujuscumque cuicumque quemcumque quocumque	quicumque quorumcumque quibuscumque quoscumque quibuscumque	quaecumque cujuscumque cuicumque quamcumque quacumque	quaecumque quarumcumque quibuscumque quascumque quibuscumque	quodcumque cujuscumque cuicumque quodcumque quocumque	quaecumque quorumcumque quibuscumque quaecumque quibuscumque

Examples of the use of "quicumque":

m. nom. sing.: Whoever approaches … (quicumque, Nm 17.3)
neut. acc. pl.: do whatever I teach (quaecumque, Dt 12.14)
neut. acc. sing.: give her whatever she … (quodcumque, Mt 14.7)

"quidam" declines as follows:

quidam, quaedam, quiddam
g.	m.		f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	quidam cujusdam cuidam quendam quodam	quidam quorundam quibusdam quosdam quibusdam	quaedam cujusdam cuidam quandam quadam	quaedam quarundam quibusdam quasdam quibusdam	quiddam cujusdam cuidam quiddam quodam	quaedam quorundam quibusdam quaedam quibusdam

Note the unsual forms of the genetive plural and accusative singular (italicized).

Also notice that the neuter nominative singular of "quidam" is quiddam," not "quoddam." When "quidam" is used as an adjective, its neuter nominative singular is "quoddam." Indefinite adjective will be discussed in the following section.

Examples of the use of "quidam":

m. acc. sing.: We saw someone. (quendam, Mk 9.37)
m. nom. sing.: Someone came. (quidam, Lk 8.49)
m. acc. sing.: We found someone. (quendam, Acts 14.6)
m./f./neut. abl. pl.: from some people (quibusdam, 2 Mc 10.20)

13.4. Indefinite Adjective

Some of the indefinite adjectives are also used as an indefinite adjective. For example:

qui, quae, quod a. any
quispiam, quaepiam, quodpiam a. any, some
quidam, quaedam, quoddam a. some

The declension of "qui" as an indefinite adjective is the same as "qui" as interrogative pronoun/adjective and indefinite pronoun.

An example of the use of "qui" as an indefinite adjective:

m. acc. sing.: If you have any enemy ... (quem, 2 Mc 3.38)

The declension of "quispiam" as an indefinite adjective slightly differs from that of "quispiam" as an indefinite pronoun. (Difference is marked in italic.):

quispiam, quaepiam, quodpiam
g.	m.		f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	quispiam cujuspiam cuipiam quempiam quopiam	quipiam quorumpiam quibuspiam quospiam quibuspiam	quaepiam cujuspiam cuipiam quampiam quapiam	quaepiam quarumpiam quibuspiam quaspiam quibuspiam	quodpiam cujuspiam cuipiam quodpiam quopiam	quaepiam quorumpiam quibuspiam quaepiam quibuspiam

An example of the use of "quispiam" as an indefinite adjective:

m. nom. sing.: There was a certain man. (quispiam, 1 Sm 25.2)

"quispiam" is the only form used in Clementine Vulgate.

The declension of "quidam" as an indefinite adjective also slightly differs from that of "quidam" as an indefinite pronoun. (Difference is marked in italic.):

quidam, quaedam, quoddam
g.	m.		f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	quidam cujusdam cuidam quendam quodam	quidam quorundam quibusdam quosdam quibusdam	quaedam cujusdam cuidam quandam quadam	quaedam quarundam quibusdam quasdam quibusdam	quiddam cujusdam cuidam quiddam quodam	quaedam quorundam quibusdam quaedam quibusdam

Examples of the use of "quidam":

m. nom. sing.: A certain man came. (2 Kg 4.42)
f. nom. sing.: A certain woman exclaimed. (2 Kg 6.26)
m. acc. sing.: The king of Israel called a certain eunuch. (quendam, 1 Kg 22.9)
f. acc. sing.: into a certain island (quandam, Acts 27.16)
m. acc. sing.: with a certain Simon (quendam, Acts 9.43)
m./f./neut. dat. sing.: to a certain moneylender (cuidam, Sir 7.41)

15. Adverb

Adverbs are not declined. Adverbs essentially modify verbs. Adverbs can modify adjectives and other adverbs as well.

15.1. Formation of Adverbs

Adverbs are usually formed from adjectives by adding a particular ending to the declension base of an adjective. But adverbs are also derived from other parts of speech.

15.1.1. Underived Adverbs

Some adverbs are not derived from other parts of speech. For example:

cras ad. tomorrow
diu ad. continually, for a long time
enim ad. indeed
fere ad. almost, entirely, commonly
non ad. not
nunc ad. now
nuper ad. newly, lately
semper ad. always
subito ad. suddenly

15.1.2. Adverbs Derived from Adjectives

Most adverbs are derived from adjectives. But there are many adjectives whose adverb form is not found.

15.1.2.1. Adverbs Derived from 1st/2nd Declension Adjectives

Adverbs derived from a 1st/2nd declension adjectives are formed in the following way:

base + e

For example:

malus, mala, malum a. bad
novus, nova, novum a. new
verus, vera, verum a. true
liber, libera, liberum a. free
pulcher, pulchra, pulchruum a. beautiful

mal (base) + e → male ad. badly
nov (base) + e → nove ad. newly
ver (base) + e → vere ad. truly
libr (bae) + e → libre ad. freely
pulchr (base) + e → pulchra ad. beautifully

Some adverbs derived from 1st/2nd declension adjectives are formed in the following way:

base + o

For example:

aeternus, aeterna, aeternum a. permanent
certus, certua, certum a. certain
citus, cita, citum a. quick
perpetuus, perpetua, perpetuum a. perpetual
verus, vera, verum a. true

aetern (base) + o → aeterno ad. permanently
cert (base) + o → certo ad. certainly
cit (base) + o → cito ad. quickly
perpetu (base) + o → perpetuo ad. perpetually
ver (base) + o → vero ad. truly, verily

Recall that ablative adjectives can be treated as adverbs. Notice that these adverbs are the masculine/neuter ablative singular forms of the adjectives from which they are derived.

15.1.2.1.1. Irregular

Some adverbs are formed from 1st/2nd declension adjectives in an irregular way. For example:

bonus, bona, bonum a. good
bene ad. well

citer, citra, citrum a. near
citra ad. on this side

magnus, magna, magnum a. great
magnopere ad. greatly

multus, multa, multum a. much (sing.), many (pl.)
multum ad. much, many

parvus, parva, parvum a. small
parum ad. in a small way

solus, sola, solum a. alone, only
solum ad. alone, only, merely

15.1.2.2. Adverbs Derived from 3rd Declension Adjectives

Some adverbs are formed from 3rd declension adjectives. They are formed in the following way, unless the base ends with "nt":

base + iter

For example:

acer, acris, acre a. sharp
celer, celeris, celere a. quick
dulcis, dulce a. sweet
fidelis, fidele a. faithful
felix, felicis (gen.) a. happy
ferox, ferocis (gen.) a. ferocious

acr (base) + iter → acriter ad. sharply
celer (base) + iter → celeriter ad. quickly
dulc (base) + iter → dulciter ad. sweetly
fidel (base) + iter → fideliter ad. faithfully
feroc (base) + iter → ferociter ad. ferociously

When the base ends with "nt," its adverb is formed by adding "er." For example:

clemens, clementis (gen.) a. merciful
clement (base) + er → clementer ad. mercifully

lubens, lubentis (gen.) a. willing
lubent (base) + er → lubenter ad. willingly

potens, potentis (gen.) a. powerful, able
potent (bast) + er → potenter ad. powerfully

prudens, prudentis (gen.) a. prudent
prudent (base) + er → prudenterad. prudently, wisely

As noted above, there are many adjectives whose adverb form is not found. Likewise, there are 3rd declension adjectives whose base end with nt but whose adverb form is not found. For example, the base of the following adjectives is "nt":

amens, amentis (gen.) a. mad
ingens, ingentis (gen.) a. huge

But their adverb forms (possibly "amenter," "ingenter") are not found.

There are 3rd declension adjectives whose adverb is formed by adding "e" (as in one of the ways 1st/2nd declension use to form their adverbs). For example:

facilis, facile → facile a. easy
facil (base) + e → facile ad. easily

Some 3rd declension adjectives have more than one form of adverb. For example:

difficilis, difficile a. difficult
difficil (base) + iter → difficiliter ad. with difficulty
difficil (base) + e → difficile ad. with difficulty

audax, audacis a. bold
audac (base) + iter → audaciter ad. boldly
audac (base) + ter → audacter ad. boldly

15.1.3. Adverbs Derived from Verbs and Nouns

Adverbs can be derived from verbs and nouns in the following way:

base + tim

Depending on the base ending, a vowel may be added before "tim" or "t" may drop.

For example:

gradus, gradus m. grade, step, degree
grad (base) + atim → ad. gradually

nomen, nominis neut. name
nomin (base) + atim → ad. by name

pars, partis f. part
part (base) + im → partim ad. piece by piece

salus, salutis f. safety, salvation, security
sal (base) + tim → ad. at least

uber, uberis neut. rishness, fruitfulness
uber (base) + tim → ubertim ad. abundantly

verbum, verbi neut. word
verb (base) + atim → verbatim ad. word for word

vir, viri m. man
vir (base) + itim → viritim ad. individually

The following are examples of adverbs derived from a verb. Verb will be discussed later. Here verb forms are given for the purpose of explanation. For now only the adverb forms need to be learned.

alterno v. alter
altern (base) + atim → alternatim ad. alternately

carpo v. tear out
carp (base) + tim → carptim ad. piece by piece, separately

For some adverbs, the analysis of its derivation is complicated. But its ending "tim" can help recognize that it is an adverb. For example:

praesertim ad. particularly

As discussed above, ablative nouns can be treated as adverbs because of their meaning and function. For example:

falsus, falsi m. deceiver, liar
falso ad. falsely

nihilum, nihili neut. nothing

nihilo ad. not
vulgus m./neut. sing. the common, the public
vulgo ad. commonly, generally

"vulgo" and "falso" are the ablative singular forms "vulgus" and "falsus."

15.2. Comparison of Adverbs

Like adjectives, adverbs also have three degrees: positive, comparative, superlative.

15.2.1. Positive

Adverbs in the positive do not signify any comparison. The adverbs discussed above are all positive adverbs.

15.2.2. Comparative

If a positive adverb is derived from an adjective, the neuter accusative singular of the adjective in the comparative degree is used as the adverb’s comparative form:

comparative adverb = neuter accusative singular of comparative adjective

Take the following adverb for an example:

beatus, beata, beatum a. happy
beat (base) + e → beate ad. happily

The comparative nominative singulars of "beatus" are:

m./f. nom.: beat (base) + ior = beatior
neut. nom.: beat (base) + ius = beatius

They decline as follows:

	m./f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	beatior beatis beati beatem beate	beates beatum beatibus beates beatibus	beatius beatis beati beatius beate	beata beatum beatibus beata beatibus

Identify the neuter accusative singular (italicized in the chart), which is used as the comparative of "beate":

beate ad. happily
beatius ad. more happily

Recall that the declensions of the comparatives of both 1st/2nd and 3rd declension positives are based on the declension of 3rd declension nouns, hence all comparative adjectives are considered as 3rd declension adjectives. 3rd declension neuter noun’s accusative and nominative singulars are identical. And the ending of the neuter accusative singular of the comparative adjective is always "ius." Therefore, if an adverb is derived from an adjective, its ending ends with "ius." This means that a comparative form of an adjective-derived adverb can be identified in the simple way as follows:

adjective’s declension base + ius → comparative adverb

For example:

celer, celeris, celere a. quick
celer (base) + iter → celeriter ad. quickly
celer (base) + ius → celerius ad. more quickly

humilis, humile a. humble
humil (base) + e → humile ad. humbly
humil (base) + ius → humilius ad. more humbly

clemens, clementis (gen.) a. merciful
clement (base) + er → ad. mercifully
clement (base) + ius → ad. more mercifully

Some comparative adverbs do not have a positive adjective form. For example:

positive adjective: -
comparative adjective: propior, propius a. nearer
positive adverb: prope ad. near, almost, nearly
comparative adverb: propius ad. in a nearer way

15.2.2.1. Irregular

Most irregular comparative adjectives introduced above have their own corresponding irregular comparative adverb forms.

positive adjective: bonus, bona, bonum a. good
comparative adjective: melior, melius a. better
positive adverb: bene ad. well
comparative adverb: melius ad. more well

positive adjective: magnus, magna, magnum a. great
comparative adjective: maior, maius a. greater
positive adverb: magis ad. greatly
comparative adverb: maxime ad. more greatly

positive adjective: multus, multa, multum a. much (sing.), many (pl.)
comparative adjective: -, plus
positive adverb: multum ad. many, much
comparative adverb: plus ad. more many, more much

positive adjective: malus, mala, malum a. bad
comparative adjective: peior, peius a. worse
positive adverb: peior, peius ad. in a worse way
comparative adverb: peus ad. in a more worse way

positive adjective: parvus, parva, parvum a. small
comparative adjective: minor, minus a. smaller
positive adverb: parum ad. in a small way
comparative adverb: minus ad. in a more small way

15.2.3. Superlative

In general, an adverb forms its superlative from the superlative of the adjective from which the adverb is derived, the following way:

superlative adjective’s declension base + e → superlative adverb

For example (Recall that all superlative adjectives are 1st/2nd declension adjectives):

beatus, beata, beatum a. happy
beatissimus, beatissima, beatissimum a. happiest
beatissim (base) + e → ad. beatissme ad. most happily

celer, celeris, celere a. quick
celerrimus, celerrima, celerrimum a. quickest
celerrim (base) + e → clerrime ad. most quickly

clemens, clementis (gen.) a. merciful
clementissimus, clementissima, clementissimum a. most merciful
clementissim (base) + e → clementissime a. most mercifully

humilis, humile a. humble
humillimus, humillima, humillimum a. humblest
humillim (base) + e → humillime ad. most humbly

15.2.3.1. Irregular

15.3. Uncomparable Adverbs

There are many adverbs whose comparatives and superlatives are not found. For example:

alibi ad. elsewhere
alteruter ad. either
apprime ad. especially
attamen ad. nevertheless
cras ad. tomorrow
divinitus ad. divinely
divisim ad. separately
ergo ad. consequently, therefore
hodie ad. today
interim ad. in between
perpetuo ad. perpetually
postremo ad. finally
retro ad. back, backwards, before
satis ad. sufficiently, adequately
semper ad. always
subito ad. suddenly

17. Verb: Introduction

Verbs express the following five grammatical attributes:

person (1st/2nd/3rd)
number (singular/plural)
tense (present/imperfect/future/perfect/pluperfect/future perfect)
voice (active/passive)
mood (indicative/subjunctive/imperative)

In this grammar, when a verb’s grammatical attributes are described, they will be indicated in this order. For example:

"credo" is a 1st person (person) singular (number) present (tense) active (voice) indicative (mood) verb.

Every verb has these grammatical attributes.

17.1. Mood

A verb’s mood expresses the speaker’s intention to speak the sentence in which the verb is used. As mentioned above, Latin verbs use the following three moods:

indicative
imperative
subjunctive

Indicative mood is used in an assertive or interrogative sentence. Imperative mood expresses a command. Subjunctive mood has many uses and is frequently used in the Bible. A verb takes subjunctive mood to express a condition, a wish, a supposition, and even a command, etc.

Not all moods can be expressed in all six tenses. Possible tenses for each mood is as follows:

indicative	imperative	subjunctive
all six tenses	only present and future	no perfect, no future perfect
present imperfect future perfect pluperfect future perfect	present imperfect future perfect pluperfect future perfect	present imperfect future perfect pluperfect future perfect

17.2. Conjugation: Introduction

A verb indicates its grammatical attributes by changing (ie. inflecting) its ending. Such inflection of a verb is called "conjugation," and verbs are said to be "conjugated." cf. Nouns and adjectives are said to be "declined."

There are five types of conjugation, and they are distinguished as follows:

1st conjugation
2nd conjugation
3rd conjugation
3rd-io conjugation
4th conjugation

These are regular conjugations. There are irregular conjugations as well.

Some verbs of 3rd conjugation ending in "io" (in its 1st person singular present form) are inflected in a different way than that of the ordinary verbs of 3rd conjugation, so they are separately categorized as "3rd-io" conjugation (Some grammars divide the conjugation into four categories, including 3rd-io verbs in a subcategory of 3rd conjugation).

Each conjugation in a particular tense/voice/mood (eg. 1st conjugation in the present active indicative) is made up of six different forms. For each verb form expresses a particular person/number, and there are 2 numbers (singular/plural) and 3 persons (1st/2nd/3rd). For example, a verb in a particular conjugation has the following six forms:

1st conjugation
indicative
voice	tense	person	singular	plural
active	present	1st	form 1	form 4
		2nd	form 2	form 5
		3rd	form 3	form 6

17.3. Four Principal Parts

In dictionaries, most verbs are usually listed with four principal parts in the following order (Fewer number of principal parts are given for deponent and defective verbs, which will be discussed later). Four principal parts of a verb are as follows:

1st person singular present active indicative
present active infinitive
1st person singular perfect active indicative
supine (or perfect passive participle)

Verb entries are given alphabetically according to the first principal part (1st person singular present active indicative). When verbs are looked up (eg. annihilo, laudo, oro), the following will be found:

annihilo, annihilare, annihilavi, annihilatum v. I annihilate
laudo, laudare, laudavi, laudatum v. I praise
oro, orare, oravi, oratum v. I pray

cf. In English dictionaries, usually three principal parts are given for verb entries:

work, worked, worked
go, went, gone
come, came, come

When a verb is learned, its principal parts must be memorized. Through its inflection, a verb can be used in a number of different forms. Those many different forms of a verb are based on its principal parts. Therefore memorizing the principal parts of a verb is crucial to learn those possible forms of the verb. The way the principal parts are used for a verb’s inflection will be explained later.

The meanings of four principal parts of a verb, for example, are as follows:

doceo (I teach/I am teaching)
docere (to teach)
docui (I taught/I have taught)
doctum (for teaching/to teach)

The meaning of the first principal part is given for a verb entry in the dictionary.

As the meanings indicate, not all four principal parts are used as a verb in the sentence, but only first and third principal parts.

Recall that the meaning of a verb (ie. first and third principal parts) includes its subject.

When a verb is introduced, this grammar follows the dictionary convention and only the meaning of the first principal part is given. For example:

doceo, docere, docui, doctum v. I teach
laudo, laudare, laudavi, laudatum v. I praise
oro, orare, oravi, oratum v. I pray

In this grammar, supine is given for the fourth principal part. "doctum," "laudatum" and "oratum" are supines. Some dictionaries and grammars give a perfect passive participles instead of a supine. For example:

doceo, docere, docui, doctus v. I teach
laudo, laudare, laudavi, laudatus v. I praise
oro, orare, oravi, oratus v. I pray

Observe the formal difference between supines and perfect passive participles. The ending of supines is "um" and the ending of perfect passive participles is "us." So by the ending of the fourth principal part of the verb entries, the dictionary tells which convention is follows.

Perfect passive participles can be translated as follows:

doctus (having been taught)
laudatus (having been praised)
oratus (having been prayed)

Perfect passive participles can be translated simply as follows, as in English:

doctus (taught)
laudatus (praised)
oratus (prayed)

Almost all supines end with "tum," as shown above, and only a few with "sum." (Supines will be discussed in detail later.) For example:

fallo, fallere, fefelli, falsum v. I deceive
pello, pellere, pepuli, pulsum v. I push, I expel

Latin verbs have no perfect active participle, so a perfect participle is always a perfect passive participle. (Participles will be discussed later.)

Some verbs do not have a supine (fourth principal part). Those verbs are indicated in the following way:

aderro, aderrare, aderravi, - v. I wander
incresco, increscere, increvi, - v. I grow
timeo, timere, timui, - v. I fear
urgeo, urgere, ursi, - v. I urge
volo, velle, volui, - v. I wish

When a verb lacks a supine, its future active participle is given instead, if there is one. For example:

egeo, egere, egui, egiturus v. I need, I lack
ferio, ferire, ferii, feriturus v. I hit
presto, perstare, perstiti, perstaturus v. I persist
sum, esse, fui, futurus v. I am

"egiturus," "feriturus," "perstaturus," "futurus" are future active participles.

The verbs in the previous example ("incresco," "timeo," "urgeo," "volo") have neither a supine nor a future active participle.

Notice that the future active participles end with "urus."

When a verb does not have a supine, it also lacks a perfect passive participle. The dictionaries, which give a perfect passive participle as fourth principal part, also provide a future active participle when a verb lacks a perfect passive participle, if it has a future active participle.

The dictionaries, which give a perfect passive participle as fourth principal part, also provide a future active participle when a verb lacks a perfect passive participle, if it has a future active participle.

The verbs in the previous example ("incresco," "timeo," "urgeo," "volo") have neither a supine nor a future active participle.

Some verbs do not have both third and fourth principal parts. For example:

polleo, pollere, -, - v. I am strong, I prevail
glisco, gliscere, -, - v. I blaze up, I increase, I spread

It is also possible that a verb lacks only third principal part. For example:

quatio, quatere, -, quassum v. I shake

Some verbs have two third principal parts. For example:

excio, excire, excivi/excii, excitum v. I call out
partio, partire, partivi/partii, partitum v. I part, I divide, I share

Some verbs have two fourth principal parts. For example:

frico, fricare, fricui, frictum/fricatum v. I rub
misceo, miscere, miscui, mixtum/mistum v. I mix

A verb may have three fourth principal parts. For example:

lavo, lavare, lavi, lavatum/lautum/lotum v. I wash

A verb may have more than one forms for two principal parts. For example:

pango, pangere, panxi/pegi/pepigi, panctum/pactum v. I fasten, I fix

When a verb lacks a supine, it also lacks a perfect passive participle. But the verb may still have a supine without a perfect passive participle. For example, the following verbs have a supine, but no perfect passive participle:

fugio, fugere, fugi, fugitum v. I flee, I escape
valeo, valere, valui, valitum v. I can, I am strong

Perfect passive participle may be likened to English’s past participle which is used to express passive voice. But the difference is that in Latin, a verb can still form a passive voice when it lacks a perfect passive participle. For example, "persto" and "ferio," which were given above as examples of verb without a perfect passive participle, can still express passive voice. (Passive voice will be discussed later.) All English verbs have a past participle, but not all Latin verbs have a perfect passive participle.

In general, a verb without a perfect passive participle does not form a passive voice. As mentioned above, a verb without a supine does not have a perfect passive participle, either. Therefore, verbs without a supine do not express a passive voice in general.

Note that not all four principal parts of a verb is a verb form. Second principal part is an infinitive (present active infinitive), and fourth principal part, supine, is a noun (verbal noun).

The following sections will discuss the conjugations of verbs, ie. the way and the pattern in which verbs are inflected in order to be used to express different meanings in the sentence. The discussion will begin with present active indicative verbs (first principal part).

17.4. Identification of Conjugation Type

A verb’s conjugation is identifiable from the vowel in the penult of its present active infinitive (2nd principal part).

1st conjugation: a
2nd conjugation: ē
3rd conjugation: e
3rd-io conjugation: e
4th conjugation: i

Note that 2nd conjugation verbs have "ē" (long e) in the penult.In this grammar, macron will be used to indicate 2nd conjugation verbs.

Both 3rd and 3rd-io conjugation verbs have "e" in the penult. The difference between the two conjugations can be identified from their first principal parts. The first principal part of 3rd-io conjugation verbs ends in "io."

Some example verbs of each conjugation are as follows. Each conjugation’s distinctive formal aspect is explained after the examples.

Example verbs of 1st conjugation:

adapto, adaptare, adaptavi, adaptatum v. I adapt
canto, cantare, cantavi, cantatum v. I sing
maneo, manēre, mansi, mannsum v. I remain
noceo, nocēre, nocui,nocitum v. I damage, I injure

Example verbs of 2nd conjugation:

doceo, docēre, docui, docetum v. I teach
habeo, habēre, habui, habitum v. I have
video, vidēre, vidi, visum v. I see
prohibeo, prohibēre, prohibui, prohibitum v. I prohibit

Example verbs of 3rd conjugation:

abdo, abdere, abdidi, abditum v. I hide
benedico, benedicere, benedixi, benedictum v. I bless
decurro, decurrere, decurri, decursum v. I run, I rush down
inscribo, inscribere, inscripsi, inscriptum v. I inscribe

Example verbs of 3rd-io conjugation:

allicio, allicere, allexi, allectum v. I attract
aspicio, aspicere, aspexi, aspectum v. I look
efficio, efficere, effeci, effectum v. I effect
excutio, excutere, excussi, excussum v. I shake off

Example verbs of 4th conjugation:

aperio, aperire, aperui, apertum v. I uncover, I open
bastio, bastire, bastivi, bastitum v. I build, I sew
invenio, invenire, inveni, inventum v. I invent, I find
sentio, sentire, sensi, sensum, v. I sense, I feel

Some 4th conjugation verbs have two forms of third principal parts. For example:

audio, audire, audivi/audii, auditum v. I hear
custodio, custodire, custodivi/custodii, custoditum v. I guard
impedio, impedire, impedivi/impedii, impeditum v. I impede
munio, munire, munivi/munii, munitum v. I fortify

Observe the following regularities:

1st principal part ends in "o."
2nd principal part ends in "re."
3rd principal part ends in "i."
4th principal part ends in "um."

As discussed above, fourth principal part may end in "urus."

The vowel in the penult of a verb’s present active infinitive is the indicator of the verb’s conjugation, and the ending of the present active infinitive is "re." So a verb’s conjugation can be identified by observing the way its second principal part end. ie.

The second principal part of 1st conjugation verbs end in "are."
The second principal part of 2nd conjugation verbs end in "ēre."
The second principal part of 3rd/3rd-io conjugation verbs end in "ere."
The second principal part of 4th conjugation verbs end in "ire."

Here "are," "ēre," "ere," "ire" only illustrate the way the second principal part ends. These are not endings in the grammatical sense. The ending of the second principal part (of all five conjugations) is "re."

Most verbs are 1st and 3rd conjugation verbs. 2nd and 4th conjugation verbs are not many.

17.5. Verb Stems for Conjugation

Verb conjugates basically in the following way:

stem + endings

For the discusison of verb’s conjugation, as noted above, "stem" will be used. (cf. "base" was used for the declension of noun and adjective.)

Following three stems are used to conjugate a verb, for six tenses in the active and six tenses in the active:

present stem
perfect stem
supine stem

Depending on tense, voice, and mood, different stems are used:

indicative
all six tenses
act.	pa.
present (pre. stem) imperfect (pre. stem) future (pre. stem) perfect (per. stem) pluperfect (per. stem) future perfect (per. stem)	present (pre. stem) imperfect (pre. stem) future (pre. stem) perfect (sup. stem) pluperfect (sup. stem) future perfect (sup. stem)

imperative
only present and future
act./pa.
present (pre. stem) imperfect future (pres. stem) perfect pluperfect future perfect

subjunctive
no future, no future perfect
act.	pa.
present (pre. stem) imperfect (pre. stem) future perfect (per. stem) pluperfect (per. stem) future perfect	present (pre. stem) imperfect (pre. stem) future perfect (sup. stem) pluperfect (sup. stem) future perfect

Present stem can be found by removing "re" from the second principal part. perfect stem can be found by removing "I" from the third principal part. Supine stem can be found by removing "um" from the fourth principal part. In other word,s these stems are identified in the following way:

second principal part = present stem + re
third principal part = perfect stem + i
fourth principal part = supine stem + um

For this reason, as suggested above, a verb’s four principal parts needs to be learned for the verb’s conjugation.

18. Verb: Active Indicative

18.1. Personal Endings in the Active Indicative

Six verb forms of the active indicative of each conjugation in a particular tense (except for perfect tense) are formed by the addition of "personal endings" to the present stem. The personal endings are:

person	sing.	pl.
1	o/m	mus
2	s	tis
3	t	nt

To be precise, these endings are called "active personal endings" because they indicate that the verbs formed as such are of the active voice. Passive verb forms do not use these endings.

For 1st person singular, two different endings are used. "m" is used in:

all conjugations in the imperfect active indicative
3rd/3rd-io/4th in the future active indicative
all conjugations in the pluperfect active indicative

Perfect tense is expressed by a group of following unique endings:

person	sing.	pl.
1	i	imus
2	isti	istis
3	it	erunt/ere

3rd person plural has two forms.

These endings are also active personal endings because they are not used in the passive.

18.2. Present Active Indicative

English equivalent for present tense is both simple present and present progressive. English equivalent for present tense is both simple present and present progressive. Verbs in the present/imperfect/future active/passive indicative conjugate based on the present stem.

18.2.1. 1st Conjugation in the Present Active Indicative

Take the following verb as an example:

amo, amare, amavi, amatum v. I love

The present stem of the verb is identified from the second principal part:

ama (present stem) + re (ending)

As illustrated above, the way 1st conjugation verb ends is "are" and precisely the ending is "re." This means that the present stem of 1st conjugation verbs ends with "a." As such, the present stem of "amo" is "ama."

With this stem, 6 different forms of "amo" in the present active indicative are made as follows:

1st conjugation
amo, amare, amavi, amatum
indicative
vo.	te.	p.	sing.	pl.
act.	pre.	1	amo (I love/am loving)	amamus (we love/are loving)
		2	amas (you love/are loving)	amatis (you love/are loving)
		3	amat (he/she/it loves/is loving)	amant (they love/are loving)

Notice one exception. The stem is modified for 1st person singular. So the form is not "amao," but "amo." "a" before "o" is dropped. This modification takes place in the 1st person singular present active indicative of 1st conjugation verbs.

Take another example of 1st conjugation verb in the present active indicative:

cogito, cogitare, cogitavi, cogitatum v. I think
cogita (present stem) + re (ending)

1st conjugation
cogito, cogitare, cogitavi, cogitatum
indicative
vo.	te.	p.	sing.	pl.
act.	pre.	1	cogito	cogitamus
		2	cogitas	cogitatis
		3	cogitat	cogitant

18.2.2. 2nd Conjugation in the Present Active Indicative

2nd conjugation present active indicative verbs conjugate basically in the same way as 1st conjugation present active indicative verbs do, using the same personal endings. An important difference is the use of a different form of the present stem, which is still identified from the second principal part.

As illustrated above, the way a 2nd conjugation verb’s second principal part ends is "ēre," and again precisely the ending is "re." This means that the present stem of a 2nd conjugation verb ends with "ē." For example:

abstineo, abstinēre, abstinui, abstentum v. I abstain
abstinē (present stem) + re (ending)

Recall the vowel of the penult of the second principal part is "ē" (long vowel).

First principal part of 2nd conjugation verbs ends in "eo" except for a few special verbs.

Based on this present stem "abstinē," six different forms of "abstineo" in the present active indicative are made as follows:

2nd conjugation
abstineo, abstinēre, abstinui, abstentum
indicative
vo.	te.	p.	sing.	pl.
act.	pre.	1	abstineo	abstinemus
		2	abstines	abstinetis
		3	abstinet	abstinent

Unlike in 1st conjugation, the ending vowel of the stem is not dropped for 1st person singular. So the form is "abstineo."

Notice the macron is not used in the declension chart. As mentioned above, a macron is omitted and is used only when necessary.

Take another example of 2nd conjugation verb in the present active indicative:

debeo, debēre, debui, debitum v. I must
debē (present stem) + re (ending)

2nd conjugation
debeo, debēre, debui, debitum
indicative
vo.	te.	p.	sing.	pl.
act.	pre.	1	debeo	debemus
		2	debes	debetis
		3	debet	debent

18.2.3. 3rd Conjugation in the Present Active Indicative

Recall the way 2nd principal part of a 3rd conjugation verb ends, "ere," which indicates that the vowel ending of the present stem is "e." cf. The ending vowel of the present stem of 2nd conjugation verbs is "ē."

The ending vowel of the present stem makes a distinction between 2nd and 3rd conjugation. The different way their first principal parts end also helps distinguish between the two groups of verbs. As mentioned above, first principal part of 2nd conjugations verbs end in "eo," but that of 3rd conjugation verbs do not.

The ending vowel of the present stem goes through a modification in all six forms. For example:

credo, credere, credidi, creditum v. I believe
invise (present stem) + re (ending)

3rd conjugation
credo, credere, credidi, creditum
indicative
vo.	te.	p.	sing.	pl.
act.	pre.	1	credo	credimus
		2	credis	creditis
		3	credit	credunt

Observe the following modifications:

1. The vowel ending "e" of the present stem drops in 1st person singular.
2. The vowel ending "e" of the present stem changes to "i" for the other forms, except in 3rd person plural.
3. The vowel ending "e" of the present stem In 3rd person plural changes to "u."

Take another example of 3rd conjugation verb in the present active indicative:

desero, deserere, deserui, desertum v. I desert, I abandon
desere (present stem) + re (ending

3rd conjugation
desero, deserere, deserui, desertum
indicative
vo.	te.	p.	sing.	pl.
act.	pre.	1	desero	deserimus
		2	deseritis	deseritis
		3	deserit	deserunt

18.2.4. 3rd-io Conjugation in the Present Active Indicative

3rd-io conjugation verbs end in "io. (cf. 3rd conjugation verbs are sometimes called 3rd-o conjugation verbs.)

Most 3rd-io conjugation verbs end in "cio."

Second principal part of both 3rd conjugation and 3rd-io conjugation verbs has "e" in the penult. For example:

3rd: pono, ponere, posui, positum v. I put, I ordain
3rd: tollo, tollere, sustuli, sublatum v. I raise, I destroy
3rd-io: cupio, cupere, cupivi, cupitum v. I desire
3rd-io: facio, facere, feci, factum v. I do, I make

So their conjugation cannot be identifiable from the second principal part. The distinction can be made by the difference in the way their first principal parts end.

But, like 3rd-io conjugation verbs, first principal part of most 4th conjugation verbs also end in "io." For example:

3rd-io: fodio, fodere, fodi, fossum v. I dig
3rd-io: percipio, percipere, percepi, perceptum v. I perceive
4th: operio, operire, operui, opertum v. I cover, I conceal
4th: reperio, reperire, repperi, repertum v. I find, I realize

So the conjugation type of a verb ending in "io" cannot be determined from the way it ends. For this reason, 3rd-io conjugation verbs must be memorized. There are not many of them.

Observe the following formal characteristics of 3rd-io conjugation:

1. 1st person singular ends in "io."
2. As in 3rd conjugation, the vowel ending "e" of the present stem changes to "I" for the other forms, except in 3rd person plural.
3. The vowel ending "e" of the present stem In 3rd person plural changes to "iu." (cf. It changes to "u" in 3rd person plural of 3rd conjugation verbs.)

For example:

capio, capere, cepi, captum v. I capture
cape (present stem) + re (ending)

3rd-io conjugation
capio, capere, cepi, captum
indicative
vo.	te.	p.	sing.	pl.
act.	pre.	1	capio	capimus
		2	capis	capitis
		3	capt	capiunt

Take another example of 3rd-io conjugation verb in the present active indicative:

pario, parere, peperi, partum v. I bear, I give birth to
pare (present stem) + re (ending)

3rd-io conjugation
pario, parere, peperi, partum
indicative
vo.	te.	p.	sing.	pl.
act.	pre.	1	pario	parimus
		2	paris	paritis
		3	parit	pariunt

18.2.5. 4th Conjugation in the Present Active Indicative

4th conjugation verbs conjugate simply by adding the active personal endings to the present stem, except for 3rd person plural for which the ending vowel "I" of the present stem changes to "iu."

For example:

definio, definire, definivi, definitum v. I define
defini (present stem) + re (ending)

4th conjugation
definio, definire, definivi, definitum
indicative
vo.	te.	p.	sing.	pl.
act.	pre.	1	definio	definimus
		2	definis	definitis
		3	definit	definiunt

Notice that, in terms of form, 4th conjugation is identical to 3rd-io conjugation. Verbs of both conjugations end in "io" in 1st person singular. The ending vowel of the present stem of 4th conjugation verbs is "I." But the ending vowel "e" of the present stem of 3rd-io conjugation verbs changes to "I" for the rest of the forms, and for 3rd person plural, "I" further changes to "iu." The ending vowel "I" of 4th conjugation verbs also changes to "iu." Therefore, the resulting forms of verbs in both conjugations become identical, and for this reason, as noted above, it is helpful to learn 3rd-io conjugations verbs in order to distinguish them from 4th conjugation verbs.

Take another example of 4th conjugation verb in the present active indicative:

impedio, impedire, impedivi, impeditum v. I impede
impedi (present stem) + re (ending)

4th conjugation
impedio, impedire, impedivi, impeditum
indicative
vo.	te.	p.	sing.	pl.
act.	pre.	1	impedio	facimus
		2	impedis	impeditis
		3	impedit	impediunt

18.3. Imperfect Active Indicative

English equivalent for imperfect tense is past progressive. Verbs in the present/imperfect/future active/passive indicative conjugate based on the present stem.

Imperfect tense both in the active and in the passive indicatives is expressed by a suffix "ba" added to the present stem. Verbs of all conjugations in the imperfect active indicative conjugate in the following way:

present stem + ba + active personal endings

As a result, verbs in the imperfect active indicative end in the following way for all five conjugations:

all five conjugation
indicative
vo.	te.	p.	sing.	pl.
act.	imp.	1	-bam	-bamus
		2	-bas	-batis
		3	-bat	-bant

For 1st person singular, the personal ending "m" is used, instead of "o." The ending "m" is used in all conjugations in the imperfect active indicative.

18.3.1. 1st Conjugation in the Imperfect Active Indicative

An example of 1st conjugation in the imperfect active indicative is as follows. (In what follows, conjugation charts for different tenses than the present will continue to use the same verbs used above and the charts will expand including the charts illustrated previously, so that conjugations of a verb for different tenses may be compared with one another conveniently.):

amo, amare, amavi, amatum v. I love
ama (present stem) + ba + active personal endings

1st conjugation
amo, amare, amavi, amatum
indicative
vo.	te.	p.	sing.	pl.
act.	pre.	1	amo (I love/am loving)	amamus (we love/are loving)
		2	amas (you love/are loving)	amatis (you love/are loving)
		3	amat (he/she/it loves/is loving)	amant (they love/are loving)
	imp.	1	amabam (I was loving)	amabamus (we were loving)
		2	amabas (you were loving)	amabatis (you were loving)
		3	amabat (he/she/it was loving)	amabant (they were loving)

cf. Unlike in the present active indicative, the ending vowel "a" of the present stem does not drop in the 1st person singular (ie. amabam, not ambam).

Another example of 1st conjugation in the imperfect active indicative:

cogito, cogitare, cogitavi, cogitatum v. I think
cogita (present stem) + ba + active personal endings

1st conjugation
cogito, cogitare, cogitavi, cogitatum
indicative
vo.	te.	p.	sing.	pl.
act.	pre.	1	cogito	cogitamus
		2	cogitas	cogitatis
		3	cogitat	cogitant
	imp.	1	cogitabam	cogitabamus
		2	cogitabas	cogitabatis
		3	cogitabat	cogitabant

18.3.2. 2nd Conjugation in the Imperfect Active Indicative

An example of 2nd conjugation in the imperfect active indicative:

abstineo, abstinēre, abstinui, abstentum v. I abstain
abstinē (present stem) + re (ending)

2nd conjugation
abstineo, abstinēre, abstinui, abstentum
indicative
vo.	te.	p.	sing.	pl.
act.	pre.	1	abstineo	abstinemus
		2	abstines	abstinetis
		3	abstinet	abstinent
	imp.	1	abstinebam	abstinebamus
		2	abstinebas	abstinebatis
		3	abstinebat	abstinebant

Another example of 2nd conjugation in the imperfect active indicative:

debeo, debēre, debui, debitum v. I have
debē (present stem) + re (ending)

2nd conjugation
debeo, debēre, debui, debitum
indicative
vo.	te.	p.	sing.	pl.
act.	pre.	1	debeo	debemus
		2	vdebes	debetis
		3	debet	debent
	imp.	1	debebam	debebamus
		2	debebas	debebatis
		3	debebat	debebant

18.3.3. 3rd Conjugation in the Imperfect Active Indicative

An example of 3rd conjugation in the imperfect active indicative:

credo, credere, credidi, creditum v. I believe
crede (present stem) + re (ending)

3rd conjugation
credo, credere, credidi, creditum
indicative
vo.	te.	p.	sing.	pl.
act.	pre.	1	credo	credimus
		2	credis	creditis
		3	credit	credunt
	imp.	1	credebam	credebamus
		2	credebas	credebatis
		3	credebat	credebant

Note that, unlike in the present tense, no modification takes place in the ending vowel "e" of the present stem. ie. "e" does not change to "I" or "iu." The modification (involving "I") in the ending vowel of the present stem takes place only in the present tense for 3rd conjugation verbs (both in the active and in the passive). The modification does not takes place in 3rd conjugation in the imperfect/future active/passive indicatives.

Another example of 3rd conjugation in the imperfect active indicative:

desero, deserere, deserui, desertum v. I desert, I abandon
dese (present stem) + re (ending)

3rd conjugation
desero, deserere, deserui, desertum
indicative
vo.	te.	p.	sing.	pl.
act.	pre.	1	desero	deserimus
		2	deseritis	deseritis
		3	deserit	deserunt
	imp.	1	deserebam	deserebamus
		2	deserebas	deserebatis
		3	deserebat	deserebant

18.3.4. 3rd-io and 4th Conjugations in the Imperfect Active Indicative

For 3rd-io and 4th conjugations in the imperfect active indicative, the ending vowel of the present stem is modified (for all six forms) in the following way:

3rd-io conjugation: "e" → ie"
4th conjugation: "i" → "ie"

As a result, verbs of 3rd-io and 4th conjugations in the imperfect active indicative end in the following way:

3rd-io and 4th conjugations
indicative
vo.	te.	p.	sing.	pl.
act.	imp.	1	-iebam	-iebamus
		2	-iebas	-iebatis
		3	-iebat	-iebant

This modification takes place also in 3rd-io and 4th conjugations in the imperfect passive indicative, which will be discussed later.

An example of 3rd-io conjugation in the imperfect active indicative:

capio, capere, cepi, captum v. I capture
cape (present stem) + re (ending)

3rd-io conjugation
capio, capere, cepi, captum
indicative
vo.	te.	p.	sing.	pl.
act.	pre.	1	capio	capimus
		2	capis	capitis
		3	capt	capiunt
	imp.	1	capiebam	capiebamus
		2	capiebas	capiebatis
		3	capiebat	capiebant

Another example of 3rd-io conjugation in the imperfect active indicative:

pario, parere, peperi, partum v. I bear, I give birth to
pare (present stem) + re (ending)

3rd-io conjugation
pario, parere, peperi, partum
indicative
vo.	te.	p.	sing.	pl.
act.	pre.	1	pario	parimus
		2	paris	paritis
		3	parit	pariunt
	imp.	1	pariebam	pariebamus
		2	pariebas	pariebatis
		3	pariebat	pariebant

An example of 4th conjugation in the imperfect active indicative:

definio, definire, definivi, definitum v. I define
defini (present stem) + re (ending)

4th conjugation
definio, definire, definivi, definitum
indicative
vo.	te.	p.	sing.	pl.
act.	pre.	1	definio	definimus
		2	definis	definitis
		3	definit	definiunt
	imp.	1	definiebam	definiebamus
		2	definiebas	definiebatis
		3	definiebat	definiebant

Another example of 4th conjugation in the imperfect active indicative:

impedio, impedire, impedivi, impeditum v. I impede
impedi (present stem) + re (ending)

4th conjugation
impedio, impedire, impedivi, impeditum
indicative
vo.	te.	p.	sing.	pl.
act.	pre.	1	impedio	impedimus
		2	impedis	impeditis
		3	impedit	impediunt
	imp.	1	impediebam	impediebamus
		2	impediebas	impediebatis
		3	impediebat	impediebant

18.4. Future Active Indicative

English equivalent for future tense is both simple future and future progressive. English equivalent for present tense is both simple future and future progressive. Future active indicative tense is expressed in slightly different ways in different conjugations.

18.4.1. 1st and 2nd Conjugations in the Future Active Indicative

For 1st and 2nd conjugation verbs, future tense both in the active and passive indicatives is expressed by a suffix "bi" added to the present stem.

1st and 2nd conjugation verbs in the future active indicative conjugate in the following way:

present stem + bi + active personal endings

1st and 2nd conjugation verbs in the future active indicative end in the following way:

1st and 2nd conjugations
indicative
vo.	te.	p.	sing.	pl.
act.	imp.	1	-bo	-bimus
		2	-bis	-bitis
		3	-bit	-bunt

The suffix "bi" is modified as follows:

1st person singular: bio → bo
2nd person singular: bi → be (only in the passive)
3rd person plural: biunt → bunt

An example of 1st conjugation in the future active indicative:

amo, amare, amavi, amatum v. I love
ama (present stem) + bi + active personal endings

1st conjugation
amo, amare, amavi, amatum
indicative
vo.	te.	p.	sing.	pl.
act.	pre.	1	amo (I love/am loving)	amamus (we love/are loving)
		2	amas (you love/are loving)	amatis (you love/are loving)
		3	amat (he/she/it loves/is loving)	amant (they love/are loving)
	imp.	1	amabam (I was loving)	amabamus (we were loving)
		2	amabas (you were loving)	amabatis (you were loving)
		3	amabat (he/she/it was loving)	amabant (they were loving)
	fu.	1	amabo (I will love/be loving)	amabimus (we will love/be loving)
		2	amabis (you will love/be loving)	amabitis (you will love/be loving)
		3	amabit (he/she/it will love/be loving)	amabunt (they will love/be loving)

Another example of 1st conjugation in the future active indicative:

cogito, cogitare, cogitavi, cogitatum v. I think
cogita (present stem) + bi + active personal endings

1st conjugation
cogito, cogitare, cogitavi, cogitatum
indicative
vo.	te.	p.	sing.	pl.
act.	pre.	1	cogito	cogitamus
		2	cogitas	cogitatis
		3	cogitat	cogitant
	imp.	1	cogitabam	cogitabamus
		2	cogitabas	cogitabatis
		3	cogitabat	cogitabant
	fu.	1	cogitabo	cogitabimus
		2	cogitabis	cogitabitis
		3	cogitabit	cogitabunt

An example of 2nd conjugation in the future active indicative:

abstineo, abstinēre, abstinui, abstentum v. I abstain
abstinē (present stem) + re (ending)

2nd conjugation
abstineo, abstinēre, abstinui, abstentum
indicative
vo.	te.	p.	sing.	pl.
act.	pre.	1	abstineo	abstinemus
		2	abstines	abstinetis
		3	abstinet	abstinent
	imp.	1	abstinebam	abstinebamus
		2	abstinebas	abstinebatis
		3	abstinebat	abstinebant
	fu.	1	abstinebo	abstinebimus
		2	abstinebis	abstinebitis
		3	abstinebit	abstinebunt

Another example of 2nd conjugation in the future active indicative:

debeo, debēre, debui, debitum v. I have
debē (present stem) + re (ending)

2nd conjugation
debeo, debēre, debui, debitum
indicative
vo.	te.	p.	sing.	pl.
act.	pre.	1	debeo	debemus
		2	vdebes	debetis
		3	debet	debent
	imp.	1	debebam	debebamus
		2	debebas	debebatis
		3	debebat	debebant
	fu.	1	debebo	debebimus
		2	debebis	debebitis
		3	debebit	debebunt

18.4.2. 3rd Conjugation in the Future Active Indicative

For 3rd conjugation verbs, future active indicative is expressed by simply adding the active personal endings to the present stem (with an exceptional modification in 1st person singular) as follows:

present stem + active personal endings

Again, the modification of the ending vowel of the present stem in 3rd conjugation in the present active indicative (from "e" to "I") does not take place in 3rd conjugation in the future active (also in the passive) indicative.

An example of 3rd conjugation in the future active indicative:

credo, credere, credidi, creditum v. I believe
crede (present stem) + re (ending)

3rd conjugation
credo, credere, credidi, creditum
indicative
vo.	te.	p.	sing.	pl.
act.	pre.	1	credo	credimus
		2	credis	creditis
		3	credit	credunt
	imp.	1	credebam	credebamus
		2	credebas	credebatis
		3	credebat	credebant
	fu.	1	credam	credemus
		2	credes	credetis
		3	credet	credent

Note that, for 1st person singular, the ending vowel "e" of the present stem changes to "a" and the personal ending "m" is added. Recall that for 3rd/3-io/4th conjugations in the future active indicative, the personal ending of 1st person singular is "m."

Another example of 3rd conjugation in the future active indicative:

desero, deserere, deserui, desertum v. I desert, I abandon
dese (present stem) + re (ending)

3rd conjugation
desero, deserere, deserui, desertum
indicative
vo.	te.	p.	sing.	pl.
act.	pre.	1	desero	deserimus
		2	deseritis	deseritis
		3	deserit	deserunt
	imp.	1	deserebam	deserebamus
		2	deserebas	deserebatis
		3	deserebat	deserebant
	fu.	1	deseram	deseremus
		2	deseres	deseretis
		3	deseret	deserent

18.4.3. 3rd-io and 4th Conjugations in the Future Active Indicative

Future active indicative of 3rd-io and 4th conjugations is expressed also by simply adding the active personal endings to the present stem (with an exceptional modification in 1st person singular).

As in 3rd-io and 4th conjugations in the imperfect active indicative, the ending vowel "e" of the present stem is modified in the same way (except in 1st person singular) as follows:

3rd-io conjugation: "e" → ie"
4th conjugation: "i" → "ie"
1st person singular: "e" and "i" → "ia"

Verbs of 3rd-io and 4th conjugations in the future active indicative end in the following way:

3rd-io and 4th conjugations
indicative
vo.	te.	p.	sing.	pl.
act.	imp.	1	-iam	-iemus
		2	-ies	-ietis
		3	-iet	-ient

An example of 3rd-io conjugation in the future active indicative:

capio, capere, cepi, captum v. I capture
cape (present stem) + re (ending)

3rd-io conjugation
capio, capere, cepi, captum
indicative
vo.	te.	p.	sing.	pl.
act.	pre.	1	capio	capimus
		2	capis	capitis
		3	capt	capiunt
	imp.	1	capiebam	capiebamus
		2	capiebas	capiebatis
		3	capiebat	capiebant
	fu.	1	capiam	capiemus
		2	capies	capietis
		3	capiet	capient

Another example of 3rd-io conjugation in the future active indicative:

pario, parere, peperi, partum v. I bear, I give birth to
pare (present stem) + re (ending)

3rd-io conjugation
pario, parere, peperi, partum
indicative
vo.	te.	p.	sing.	pl.
act.	pre.	1	pario	parimus
		2	paris	paritis
		3	parit	pariunt
	imp.	1	pariebam	pariebamus
		2	pariebas	pariebatis
		3	pariebat	pariebant
	fu.	1	pariam	pariemus
		2	paries	parietis
		3	pariet	parient

An example of 4th conjugation in the future active indicative:

definio, definire, definivi, definitum v. I define
defini (present stem) + re (ending)

4th conjugation
definio, definire, definivi, definitum
indicative
vo.	te.	p.	sing.	pl.
act.	pre.	1	definio	definimus
		2	definis	definitis
		3	definit	definiunt
	imp.	1	definiebam	definiebamus
		2	definiebas	definiebatis
		3	definiebat	definiebant
	fu.	1	definiam	definiemus
		2	definies	definietis
		3	definiet	definient

Another example of 4th conjugation in the future active indicative:

impedio, impedire, impedivi, impeditum v. I impede
impedi (present stem) + re (ending)

4th conjugation
impedio, impedire, impedivi, impeditum
indicative
vo.	te.	p.	sing.	pl.
act.	pre.	1	impedio	impedimus
		2	impedis	impeditis
		3	impedit	impediunt
	imp.	1	impediebam	impediebamus
		2	impediebas	impediebatis
		3	impediebat	impediebant
	fu.	1	imdediam	impediemus
		2	impedies	impedietis
		3	impediet	impedient

18.5. Perfect Active Indicative

English equivalent for perfect tense is both present perfect and simple past.

Recall that conjugations in the prefect/pluperfect/future perfect active indicatives are based on the perfect stem. As discussed above, the perfect stem can be identified from the third principal part (1st person singular perfect active indicative) in the following way:

third principal part = perfect stem + i

The present stem is used for both active and passive voices. But only the conjugation in the active (not passive) indicative is based on the perfect stem, so it is often called "perfect active stem." (Refer to 12.5. Verb Stems for Conjugation.)

A verb in the perfect active indicative conjugates in the following way:

perfect stem + personal endings

Recall the personal endings for the perfect active indicative is expressed by a group of following unique endings:

all five conjugations
indicative
vo.	te.	p.	sing.	pl.
act.	per.	1	i	imus
		2	isti	istis
		3	it	erunt/ere

18.5.1. Conjugations in the Perfect Active Indicative

An example of 1st conjugation in the perfect active indicative:

amo, amare, amavi, amatum v. I love
ama (present stem) + bi + active personal endings

1st conjugation
amo, amare, amavi, amatum
indicative
vo.	te.	p.	sing.	pl.
act.	pre.	1	amo (I love/am loving)	amamus (we love/are loving)
		2	amas (you love/are loving)	amatis (you love/are loving)
		3	amat (he/she/it loves/is loving)	amant (they love/are loving)
	imp.	1	amabam (I was loving)	amabamus (we were loving)
		2	amabas (you were loving)	amabatis (you were loving)
		3	amabat (he/she/it was loving)	amabant (they were loving)
	fu.	1	amabo (I will love/be loving)	amabimus (we will love/be loving)
		2	amabis (you will love/be loving)	amabitis (you will love/be loving)
		3	amabit (he/she/it will love/be loving)	amabunt (they will love/be loving)
	per.	1	amavi (I loved/have loved)	amavimus (we loved/have loved)
		2	amavisti/amasti (you loved/have loved)	amavistis/amastis (you loved/have loved)
		3	amavit (he/she/it loved/has loved)	amaverunt/amavere (they loved/have loved)

When the perfect stem ends in "vi," it may be dropped in 2nd person singular and plural.

Another example of 1st conjugation in the perfect active indicative:

cogito, cogitare, cogitavi, cogitatum v. I think
cogitav (perfect stem) + i + active personal endings

1st conjugation
amo, amare, amavi, amatum
indicative
vo.	te.	p.	sing.	pl.
act.	pre.	1	cogito	cogitamus
		2	cogitas	cogitatis
		3	cogitat	cogitant
	imp.	1	cogitabam	cogitabamus
		2	cogitabas	cogitabatis
		3	cogitabat	cogitabant
	fu.	1	cogitabo	cogitabimus
		2	cogitabis	cogitabitis
		3	cogitabit	cogitabunt
	per.	1	cogitavi	cogitavimus
		2	cogitavisti/cogitasti	cogitavistis/cogitastis
		3	cogitavit	cogitaverunt/cogitavere

An example of 2nd conjugation in the perfect active indicative:

abstineo, abstinēre, abstinui, abstentum v. I abstain
abstinu (perfect stem) + i (ending)

2nd conjugation
abstineo, abstinēre, abstinui, abstentum
indicative
vo.	te.	p.	sing.	pl.
act.	pre.	1	abstineo	abstinemus
		2	abstines	abstinetis
		3	abstinet	abstinent
	imp.	1	abstinebam	abstinebamus
		2	abstinebas	abstinebatis
		3	abstinebat	abstinebant
	fu.	1	abstinebo	abstinebimus
		2	abstinebis	abstinebitis
		3	abstinebit	abstinebunt
	per.	1	abstinui	abstinuimus
		2	abstinuisti	abstinuistis
		3	abstinuit	abstinuerunt/abstinuere

Another example of 2nd conjugation in the perfect active indicative:

debeo, debēre, debui, debitum v. I have
debu (perfect stem) + i (ending)

2nd conjugation
debeo, debēre, debui, debitum
indicative
vo.	te.	p.	sing.	pl.
act.	pre.	1	debeo	debemus
		2	vdebes	debetis
		3	debet	debent
	imp.	1	debebam	debebamus
		2	debebas	debebatis
		3	debebat	debebant
	fu.	1	debebo	debebimus
		2	debebis	debebitis
		3	debebit	debebunt
	per.	1	debui	debuimus
		2	debuisti	debuistis
		3	debuit	debuerunt/debuere

An example of 3rd conjugation in the perfect active indicative:

credo, credere, credidi, creditum v. I believe
credid (perfect stem) + i (ending)

3rd conjugation
credo, credere, credidi, creditum
indicative
vo.	te.	p.	sing.	pl.
act.	pre.	1	credo	credimus
		2	credis	creditis
		3	credit	credunt
	imp.	1	credebam	credebamus
		2	credebas	credebatis
		3	credebat	credebant
	fu.	1	credam	credemus
		2	credes	credetis
		3	credet	credent
	per.	1	credidi	credidimus
		2	credidisti	credidistis
		3	credidit	crediderunt/credidere

Another example of 3rd conjugation in the perfect active indicative:

desero, deserere, deserui, desertum v. I desert, I abandon
deseru (perfect stem) + i (ending)

3rd conjugation
desero, deserere, deserui, desertum
indicative
vo.	te.	p.	sing.	pl.
act.	pre.	1	desero	deserimus
		2	deseritis	deseritis
		3	deserit	deserunt
	imp.	1	deserebam	deserebamus
		2	deserebas	deserebatis
		3	deserebat	deserebant
	fu.	1	deseram	deseremus
		2	deseres	deseretis
		3	deseret	deserent
	per.	1	deserui	deseruimus
		2	deseruisti	deseruistis
		3	deseruit	deseruerunt/deseruere

An example of 3rd-io conjugation in the perfect active indicative:

capio, capere, cepi, captum v. I capture
cep (perfect stem) + i (ending)

3rd-io conjugation
capio, capere, cepi, captum
indicative
vo.	te.	p.	sing.	pl.
act.	pre.	1	capio	capimus
		2	capis	capitis
		3	capt	capiunt
	imp.	1	capiebam	capiebamus
		2	capiebas	capiebatis
		3	capiebat	capiebant
	fu.	1	capiam	capiemus
		2	capies	capietis
		3	capiet	capient
	per.	1	cepi	cepimus
		2	cepisti	cepistis
		3	cepit	ceperunt/cepere

Another example of 3rd-io conjugation in the perfect active indicative:

pario, parere, peperi, partum v. I bear, I give birth to
peper (perfect stem) + i (ending)

3rd-io conjugation
pario, parere, peperi, partum
indicative
vo.	te.	p.	sing.	pl.
act.	pre.	1	pario	parimus
		2	paris	paritis
		3	parit	pariunt
	imp.	1	pariebam	pariebamus
		2	pariebas	pariebatis
		3	pariebat	pariebant
	fu.	1	pariam	pariemus
		2	paries	parietis
		3	pariet	parient
	per.	1	peperi	peperimus
		2	peperisti	peperistis
		3	peperit	pepererunt/peperere

An example of 4th conjugation in the perfect active indicative:

definio, definire, definivi, definitum v. I define
definiv (perfect stem) + i (ending)

4th conjugation
definio, definire, definivi, definitum
indicative
vo.	te.	p.	sing.	pl.
act.	pre.	1	definio	definimus
		2	definis	definitis
		3	definit	definiunt
	imp.	1	definiebam	definiebamus
		2	definiebas	definiebatis
		3	definiebat	definiebant
	fu.	1	definiam	definiemus
		2	definies	definietis
		3	definiet	definient
	per.	1	definivi	definivimus
		2	definivisti/definisti	definivistis/definistis
		3	definivit	definiverunt/definivere

As mentioned above, when the perfect stem ends in "v," "vi" may drop in 2nd person singular/plural of perfect active indicative.

Another example of 4th conjugation in the perfect active indicative:

impedio, impedire, impedivi, impeditum v. I impede
impediv (perfect stem) + i (ending)
impedi (perfect stem) + i (ending)

As mentioned above, some 4th conjugation verbs have two forms of third principal parts (as the ending "v" of perfect stem drops). Accordingly, there can be two perfect stems. So two sets of conjugation chart are possible for Perfect/pluperfect/future perfect tense which are based on perfect stem.

4th conjugation
impedio, impedire, impedivi, impeditum
indicative
vo.	te.	p.	sing.	pl.
act.	pre.	1	impedio	impedimus
		2	impedis	impeditis
		3	impedit	impediunt
	imp.	1	impediebam	impediebamus
		2	impediebas	impediebatis
		3	impediebat	impediebant
	fu.	1	imdediam	impediemus
		2	impedies	impedietis
		3	impediet	impedient
	per.	1	impedivi/impedii	impedivimus/impediimus
		2	impedivisti/impediisti	impedivistis/impediistis
		3	impedivity/impediit	impediverunt/impedierunt/impedivere/impediere

18.6. Pluperfect Active Indicative

English equivalent for pluperfect tense is past perfect.

Conjugations in the pluperfect active (not passive) indicatives is based on the perfect stem.

Pluperfect tense in the active (not passive) indicatives is expressed by a suffix "era" added to the perfect stem.

Verbs of all conjugations in the pluperfect active indicative conjugate in the following way:

perfect stem + era + active personal endings

So verbs of all conjugations in the pluperfect active indicative end in the following way:

all five conjugations
indicative
vo.	te.	p.	sing.	pl.
act.	plu.	1	-eram	-eramus
		2	-eras	-eratis
		3	-erat	-erant

Recall that the personal ending for 1st person singular in all conjugations in the pluperfect active indicative is "m."

18.6.1. Conjugations in the Pluperfect Active Indicative

An example of 1st conjugation in the pluperfect active indicative:

amo, amare, amavi, amatum v. I love
amav (perfect stem) + i (ending)

1st conjugation
amo, amare, amavi, amatum
indicative
vo.	te.	p.	sing.	pl.
act.	pre.	1	amo (I love/am loving)	amamus (we love/are loving)
		2	amas (you love/are loving)	amatis (you love/are loving)
		3	amat (he/she/it loves/is loving)	amant (they love/are loving)
	imp.	1	amabam (I was loving)	amabamus (we were loving)
		2	amabas (you were loving)	amabatis (you were loving)
		3	amabat (he/she/it was loving)	amabant (they were loving)
	fu.	1	amabo (I will love/be loving)	amabimus (we will love/be loving)
		2	amabis (you will love/be loving)	amabitis (you will love/be loving)
		3	amabit (he/she/it will love/be loving)	amabunt (they will love/be loving)
	per.	1	amavi (I loved/have loved)	amavimus (we loved/have loved)
		2	amavisti/amasti (you loved/have loved)	amavistis/amastis (you loved/have loved)
		3	amavit (he/she/it loved/has loved)	amaverunt/amavere (they loved/have loved)
	plu.	1	amaveram (I had loved)	amaveramus (we had loved)
		2	amaveras (you had loved)	amaveratis (you had loved)
		3	amaverat (he/she/it had loved)	amaverant (they had loved)

Another example of 1st conjugation in the pluperfect active indicative:

cogito, cogitare, cogitavi, cogitatum v. I think
cogitav (perfect stem) + i (ending)

1st conjugation
cogito, cogitare, cogitavi, cogitatum
indicative
vo.	te.	p.	sing.	pl.
act.	pre.	1	cogito	cogitamus
		2	cogitas	cogitatis
		3	cogitat	cogitant
	imp.	1	cogitabam	cogitabamus
		2	cogitabas	cogitabatis
		3	cogitabat	cogitabant
	fu.	1	cogitabo	cogitabimus
		2	cogitabis	cogitabitis
		3	cogitabit	cogitabunt
	per.	1	cogitavi	cogitavimus
		2	cogitavisti/cogitasti	cogitavistis/cogitastis
		3	cogitavit	cogitaverunt/cogitavere
	plu.	1	cogitaveram	cogitaveramus
		2	cogitaveras	cogitaveratis
		3	cogitaverat	cogitaverant

An example of 2nd conjugation in the pluperfect active indicative:

abstineo, abstinēre, abstinui, abstentum v. I abstain
abstinu (perfect stem) + i (ending)

2nd conjugation
abstineo, abstinēre, abstinui, abstentum
indicative
vo.	te.	p.	sing.	pl.
act.	pre.	1	abstineo	abstinemus
		2	abstines	abstinetis
		3	abstinet	abstinent
	imp.	1	abstinebam	abstinebamus
		2	abstinebas	abstinebatis
		3	abstinebat	abstinebant
	fu.	1	abstinebo	abstinebimus
		2	abstinebis	abstinebitis
		3	abstinebit	abstinebunt
	per.	1	abstinui	abstinuimus
		2	abstinuisti	abstinuistis
		3	abstinuit	abstinuerunt/abstinuere
	plu.	1	abstinueram	abstinueramus
		2	abstinueras	abstinueratis
		3	abstinuerat	abstinuerant

Another example of 2nd conjugation in the pluperfect active indicative:

debeo, debēre, debui, debitum v. I have
debu (perfect stem) + i (ending)

2nd conjugation
debeo, debēre, debui, debitum
indicative
vo.	te.	p.	sing.	pl.
act.	pre.	1	debeo	debemus
		2	vdebes	debetis
		3	debet	debent
	imp.	1	debebam	debebamus
		2	debebas	debebatis
		3	debebat	debebant
	fu.	1	debebo	debebimus
		2	debebis	debebitis
		3	debebit	debebunt
	per.	1	debui	debuimus
		2	debuisti	debuistis
		3	debuit	debuerunt/debuere
	plu.	1	debueram	debueramus
		2	debueras	debueratis
		3	debuerat	debuerant

An example of 3rd conjugation in the pluperfect active indicative:

credo, credere, credidi, creditum v. I believe
credid (perfect stem) + i (ending)

3rd conjugation
credo, credere, credidi, creditum
indicative
vo.	te.	p.	sing.	pl.
act.	pre.	1	credo	credimus
		2	credis	creditis
		3	credit	credunt
	imp.	1	credebam	credebamus
		2	credebas	credebatis
		3	credebat	credebant
	fu.	1	credam	credemus
		2	credes	credetis
		3	credet	credent
	per.	1	credidi	credidimus
		2	credidisti	credidistis
		3	credidit	crediderunt/credidere
	plu.	1	credideram	credideramus
		2	credideratis	debueratis
		3	crediderat	crediderant

Another example of 3rd conjugation in the pluperfect active indicative:

desero, deserere, deserui, desertum v. I desert, I abandon
deseru (perfect stem) + i (ending)

3rd conjugation
desero, deserere, deserui, desertum
indicative
vo.	te.	p.	sing.	pl.
act.	pre.	1	desero	deserimus
		2	deseritis	deseritis
		3	deserit	deserunt
	imp.	1	deserebam	deserebamus
		2	deserebas	deserebatis
		3	deserebat	deserebant
	fu.	1	deseram	deseremus
		2	deseres	deseretis
		3	deseret	deserent
	per.	1	deserui	deseruimus
		2	deseruisti	deseruistis
		3	deseruit	deseruerunt/deseruere
	plu.	1	deserueram	deserueramus
		2	deserueras	deserueratis
		3	deseruerat	deseruerant

An example of 3rd-io conjugation in the pluperfect active indicative:

capio, capere, cepi, captum v. I capture
cep (perfect stem) + i (ending)

3rd-io conjugation
capio, capere, cepi, captum
indicative
vo.	te.	p.	sing.	pl.
act.	pre.	1	capio	capimus
		2	capis	capitis
		3	capt	capiunt
	imp.	1	capiebam	capiebamus
		2	capiebas	capiebatis
		3	capiebat	capiebant
	fu.	1	capiam	capiemus
		2	capies	capietis
		3	capiet	capient
	per.	1	cepi	cepimus
		2	cepisti	cepistis
		3	cepit	ceperunt/cepere
	plu.	1	ceperam	ceperamus
		2	ceperas	ceperatis
		3	ceperat	ceperant

Another example of 3rd-io conjugation in the pluperfect active indicative:

pario, parere, peperi, partum v. I bear, I give birth to
peper (perfect stem) + i (ending)

3rd-io conjugation
pario, parere, peperi, partum
indicative
vo.	te.	p.	sing.	pl.
act.	pre.	1	pario	parimus
		2	paris	paritis
		3	parit	pariunt
	imp.	1	pariebam	pariebamus
		2	pariebas	pariebatis
		3	pariebat	pariebant
	fu.	1	pariam	pariemus
		2	paries	parietis
		3	pariet	parient
	per.	1	peperi	peperimus
		2	peperisti	peperistis
		3	peperit	pepererunt/peperere
	plu.	1	pepereram	pepereramus
		2	pepereras	pepereratis
		3	pepererat	pepererant

An example of 4th conjugation in the pluperfect active indicative:

definio, definire, definivi, definitum v. I define
definiv (perfect stem) + i (ending)

4th conjugation
definio, definire, definivi, definitum
indicative
vo.	te.	p.	sing.	pl.
act.	pre.	1	definio	definimus
		2	definis	definitis
		3	definit	definiunt
	imp.	1	definiebam	definiebamus
		2	definiebas	definiebatis
		3	definiebat	definiebant
	fu.	1	definiam	definiemus
		2	definies	definietis
		3	definiet	definient
	per.	1	definivi	definivimus
		2	definivisti/definisti	definivistis/definistis
		3	definivit	definiverunt/definivere
	plu.	1	definiveram	definiveramus
		2	definiveras	definiveratis
		3	definiverat	definiverant

Another example of 4th conjugation in the pluperfect active indicative:

impedio, impedire, impedivi, impeditum v. I impede
impediv (perfect stem) + i (ending)

4th conjugation
impedio, impedire, impedivi, impeditum
indicative
vo.	te.	p.	sing.	pl.
act.	pre.	1	impedio	impedimus
		2	impedis	impeditis
		3	impedit	impediunt
	imp.	1	impediebam	impediebamus
		2	impediebas	impediebatis
		3	impediebat	impediebant
	fu.	1	imdediam	impediemus
		2	impedies	impedietis
		3	impediet	impedient
	per.	1	impedivi/impedii	impedivimus/impediimus
		2	impedivisti/impediisti	impedivistis/impediistis
		3	impedivity/impediit	impediverunt/impedierunt/impedivere/impediere
	plu.	1	impediveram/impedieram	impediveramus/impedieramus
		2	impediveratis/impedieratis	impediveratis/impedieratis
		3	impediverat/impedierat	impediverant/impedierant

18.7. Future Perfect Active Indicative

The meaning of future perfect tense is the same as that in English.

Conjugations in the pluperfect active (not passive) indicatives is based on the perfect stem.

Pluperfect tense in the active (not passive) indicatives is expressed by a suffix "era" added to the perfect stem.

Verbs of all conjugations in the pluperfect active indicative conjugate in the following way:

perfect stem + eri + active personal endings

A modification takes place in 1st person singular. "i" of "eri" drops before its ending "o." (The dropping of "i" takes place in the verbs of 1st and 2nd conjugations for their 1st person singular in the future active indicative. Future tense of those verbs, both in the active and passive indicatives, is expressed by a suffix "bi" added to the present stem, and "i" of "bi" drops in 1st person singular. Refer to 18.4.1. 1st and 2nd Conjugations in the Future Active Indicative.)

Verbs of all conjugations in the pluperfect active indicative end in the following way:

all five conjugations
indicative
vo.	te.	p.	sing.	pl.
act.	plu.	1	-ero	-erimus
		2	-eris	-eritis
		3	-erit	-erint

18.7.1. Conjugations in the Future Perfect Active Indicative

An example of 1st conjugation in the future perfect active indicative:

amo, amare, amavi, amatum v. I love
amav (perfect stem) + i (ending)

1st conjugation
amo, amare, amavi, amatum
indicative
vo.	te.	p.	sing.	pl.
act.	pre.	1	amo (I love/am loving)	amamus (we love/are loving)
		2	amas (you love/are loving)	amatis (you love/are loving)
		3	amat (he/she/it loves/is loving)	amant (they love/are loving)
	imp.	1	amabam (I was loving)	amabamus (we were loving)
		2	amabas (you were loving)	amabatis (you were loving)
		3	amabat (he/she/it was loving)	amabant (they were loving)
	fu.	1	amabo (I will love/be loving)	amabimus (we will love/be loving)
		2	amabis (you will love/be loving)	amabitis (you will love/be loving)
		3	amabit (he/she/it will love/be loving)	amabunt (they will love/be loving)
	per.	1	amavi (I loved/have loved)	amavimus (we loved/have loved)
		2	amavisti/amasti (you loved/have loved)	amavistis/amastis (you loved/have loved)
		3	amavit (he/she/it loved/has loved)	amaverunt/amavere (they loved/have loved)
	plu.	1	amaveram (I had loved)	amaveramus (we had loved)
		2	amaveras (you had loved)	amaveratis (you had loved)
		3	amaverat (he/she/it had loved)	amaverant (they had loved)
	fu. per.	1	amavero (I will have loved)	amaverimus (we will have loved)
		2	amaveris (you will have loved)	amaveritis (you will have loved)
		3	amaverit (he/she/it will have loved)	amaverint (they will have loved)

Another example of 1st conjugation in the future perfect active indicative:

cogito, cogitare, cogitavi, cogitatum v. I think
cogitav (perfect stem) + i (ending)

1st conjugation
cogito, cogitare, cogitavi, cogitatum
indicative
vo.	te.	p.	sing.	pl.
act.	pre.	1	cogito	cogitamus
		2	cogitas	cogitatis
		3	cogitat	cogitant
	imp.	1	cogitabam	cogitabamus
		2	cogitabas	cogitabatis
		3	cogitabat	cogitabant
	fu.	1	cogitabo	cogitabimus
		2	cogitabis	cogitabitis
		3	cogitabit	cogitabunt
	per.	1	cogitavi	cogitavimus
		2	cogitavisti/cogitasti	cogitavistis/cogitastis
		3	cogitavit	cogitaverunt/cogitavere
	plu.	1	cogitaveram	cogitaveramus
		2	cogitaveras	cogitaveratis
		3	cogitaverat	cogitaverant
	fu. per.	1	cogitavero	cogataverimus
		2	cogataveris	cogataveritis
		3	cogataverit	cogataverint

An example of 2nd conjugation in the future perfect active indicative:

abstineo, abstinēre, abstinui, abstentum v. I abstain
abstinu (perfect stem) + i (ending)

2nd conjugation
abstineo, abstinēre, abstinui, abstentum
indicative
vo.	te.	p.	sing.	pl.
act.	pre.	1	abstineo	abstinemus
		2	abstines	abstinetis
		3	abstinet	abstinent
	imp.	1	abstinebam	abstinebamus
		2	abstinebas	abstinebatis
		3	abstinebat	abstinebant
	fu.	1	abstinebo	abstinebimus
		2	abstinebis	abstinebitis
		3	abstinebit	abstinebunt
	per.	1	abstinui	abstinuimus
		2	abstinuisti	abstinuistis
		3	abstinuit	abstinuerunt/abstinuere
	plu.	1	abstinueram	abstinueramus
		2	abstinueras	abstinueratis
		3	abstinuerat	abstinuerant
	fu. per.	1	abstinuero	abstinuerimus
		2	abstinueris	abstinueritis
		3	abstinuerit	abstinuerint

Another example of 2nd conjugation in the future perfect active indicative:

debeo, debēre, debui, debitum v. I have
debu (perfect stem) + i (ending)

2nd conjugation
debeo, debēre, debui, debitum
indicative
vo.	te.	p.	sing.	pl.
act.	pre.	1	debeo	debemus
		2	vdebes	debetis
		3	debet	debent
	imp.	1	debebam	debebamus
		2	debebas	debebatis
		3	debebat	debebant
	fu.	1	debebo	debebimus
		2	debebis	debebitis
		3	debebit	debebunt
	per.	1	debui	debuimus
		2	debuisti	debuistis
		3	debuit	debuerunt/debuere
	plu.	1	debueram	debueramus
		2	debueras	debueratis
		3	debuerat	debuerant
	fu. per.	1	debuero	debuerimus
		2	debueris	debueritis
		3	debuerit	debuerint

An example of 3rd conjugation in the future perfect active indicative:

credo, credere, credidi, creditum v. I believe
credid (perfect stem) + i (ending)

3rd conjugation
credo, credere, credidi, creditum
indicative
vo.	te.	p.	sing.	pl.
act.	pre.	1	credo	credimus
		2	credis	creditis
		3	credit	credunt
	imp.	1	credebam	credebamus
		2	credebas	credebatis
		3	credebat	credebant
	fu.	1	credam	credemus
		2	credes	credetis
		3	credet	credent
	per.	1	credidi	credidimus
		2	credidisti	credidistis
		3	credidit	crediderunt/credidere
	plu.	1	credideram	credideramus
		2	credideratis	debueratis
		3	crediderat	crediderant
	fu. per.	1	credidero	crediderimus
		2	credideris	credideritis
		3	crediderit	crediderint

Another example of 3rd conjugation in the future perfect active indicative:

desero, deserere, deserui, desertum v. I desert, I abandon
deseru (perfect stem) + i (ending)

3rd conjugation
desero, deserere, deserui, desertum
indicative
vo.	te.	p.	sing.	pl.
act.	pre.	1	desero	deserimus
		2	deseritis	deseritis
		3	deserit	deserunt
	imp.	1	deserebam	deserebamus
		2	deserebas	deserebatis
		3	deserebat	deserebant
	fu.	1	deseram	deseremus
		2	deseres	deseretis
		3	deseret	deserent
	per.	1	deserui	deseruimus
		2	deseruisti	deseruistis
		3	deseruit	deseruerunt/deseruere
	plu.	1	deserueram	deserueramus
		2	deserueras	deserueratis
		3	deseruerat	deseruerant
	fu. per.	1	deseruero	deseruerimus
		2	deserueris	deserueritis
		3	deseruerit	deseruerint

An example of 3rd-io conjugation in the future perfect active indicative:

capio, capere, cepi, captum v. I capture
cep (perfect stem) + i (ending)

3rd-io conjugation
capio, capere, cepi, captum
indicative
vo.	te.	p.	sing.	pl.
act.	pre.	1	capio	capimus
		2	capis	capitis
		3	capt	capiunt
	imp.	1	capiebam	capiebamus
		2	capiebas	capiebatis
		3	capiebat	capiebant
	fu.	1	capiam	capiemus
		2	capies	capietis
		3	capiet	capient
	per.	1	cepi	cepimus
		2	cepisti	cepistis
		3	cepit	ceperunt/cepere
	plu.	1	ceperam	ceperamus
		2	ceperas	ceperatis
		3	ceperat	ceperant
	fu. per.	1	cepero	ceperimus
		2	ceperis	ceperitis
		3	ceperit	ceperint

Another example of 3rd-io conjugation in the future perfect active indicative:

pario, parere, peperi, partum v. I bear, I give birth to
peper (perfect stem) + i (ending)

3rd-io conjugation
pario, parere, peperi, partum
indicative
vo.	te.	p.	sing.	pl.
act.	pre.	1	pario	parimus
		2	paris	paritis
		3	parit	pariunt
	imp.	1	pariebam	pariebamus
		2	pariebas	pariebatis
		3	pariebat	pariebant
	fu.	1	pariam	pariemus
		2	paries	parietis
		3	pariet	parient
	per.	1	peperi	peperimus
		2	peperisti	peperistis
		3	peperit	pepererunt/peperere
	plu.	1	pepereram	pepereramus
		2	pepereras	pepereratis
		3	pepererat	pepererant
	fu. per.	1	peperero	pepererimus
		2	pepereris	pepereritis
		3	pepererit	pepererint

An example of 4th conjugation in the future perfect active indicative:

definio, definire, definivi, definitum v. I define
definiv (perfect stem) + i (ending)

4th conjugation
definio, definire, definivi, definitum
indicative
vo.	te.	p.	sing.	pl.
act.	pre.	1	definio	definimus
		2	definis	definitis
		3	definit	definiunt
	imp.	1	definiebam	definiebamus
		2	definiebas	definiebatis
		3	definiebat	definiebant
	fu.	1	definiam	definiemus
		2	definies	definietis
		3	definiet	definient
	per.	1	definivi	definivimus
		2	definivisti/definisti	definivistis/definistis
		3	definivit	definiverunt/definivere
	plu.	1	definiveram	definiveramus
		2	definiveras	definiveratis
		3	definiverat	definiverant
	fu. per.	1	definivero	definiverimus
		2	definiveris	definiveritis
		3	definiverit	definiverint

Another example of 4th conjugation in the future perfect active indicative:

impedio, impedire, impedivi, impeditum v. I impede
impediv (perfect stem) + i (ending)

4th conjugation
impedio, impedire, impedivi, impeditum
indicative
vo.	te.	p.	sing.	pl.
act.	pre.	1	impedio	impedimus
		2	impedis	impeditis
		3	impedit	impediunt
	imp.	1	impediebam	impediebamus
		2	impediebas	impediebatis
		3	impediebat	impediebant
	fu.	1	imdediam	impediemus
		2	impedies	impedietis
		3	impediet	impedient
	per.	1	impedivi/impedii	impedivimus/impediimus
		2	impedivisti/impediisti	impedivistis/impediistis
		3	impedivity/impediit	impediverunt/impedierunt/impedivere/impediere
	plu.	1	impediveram/impedieram	impediveramus/impedieramus
		2	impediveratis/impedieratis	impediveratis/impedieratis
		3	impediverat/impedierat	impediverant/impedierant
	fu. per.	1	impedivero/impedivero	impediverimus/impediverimus
		2	impediveris/impediveris	impediveritis/impediveritis
		3	impediverit/impediverit	impediverint/impediverint

18.8. Sum: Active Indicative

The verb "sum" is called a copulative verb whose English equivalent is "to be." It is an irregular verb and declines as follows:

sum, esse, fui, futurus v. I am

Irregular
sum, esse, fui, futurus
indicative
vo.	te.	p.	sing.	pl.
act.	pre.	1	sum	sumus
		2	es	esitis
		3	est	sunt
	imp.	1	eram	eramus
		2	eras	eratis
		3	erat	erant
	fu.	1	ero	erimus
		2	eris	eritis
		3	erit	erunt
	per.	1	fui	fuimus
		2	fuisti	fuistis
		3	fuit	fuerunt
	plu.	1	fueram	fueramus
		2	fueras	fueratis
		3	fuerat	fuerant
	fu. per.	1	fuero	fuerimus
		2	fueris	fueritis
		3	fuerit	fuerint

"sum" lacks supine so the future active participle "futurus" is given.

19. Verb: Passive Indicative I

19.1. Present Passive Indicative

Both active and passive indicatives in the present/imperfect/future are based on the present stem.

The present/imperfect/future passive indicatives use the following passive personal endings:

person	sing.	pl.
1	r	mur
2	ris/re	mini
3	tur	ntur

The ending vowel of the present stem is regularly modified in 1st person singular for different conjugations:

1st conjugation: a → o
2nd conjugation: ē → eo
3rd conjugation: e→ o
3-io conjugation: e → io
4th conjugation: i → io

As a result, 1st person singular present/imperfect/future passive indicatives end in the following way:

1st conjugation: -or
2nd conjugation: -eor
3rd conjugation: -or
3-io conjugation: -ior
4th conjugation: -ior

The ending vowel "e" of the present stem is modified also in other persons, which will be noted in the discussion below.

Two different forms for 2nd person singular are possible.

19.1.1. 1st Conjugation in the Present Passive Indicative

In 1st person singular, the ending vowel of the present stem changes from "a" to "o."

An example of 1st conjugation in the present passive indicative:

amo, amare, amavi, amatum v. I love
ama (present stem) + re (ending)

1st conjugation
amo, amare, amavi, amatum
indicative
te.	vo.	p.	sing.	pl.
pre.	act.	1	amo (I love/am loving)	amamus (we love/are loving)
		2	amas (you love/are loving)	amatis (you love/are loving)
		3	amat (he/she/it loves/is loving)	amant (they love/are loving)
	pa.	1	amor (I am loved/being loved)	amamur (we are loved/being loved)
		2	amaris/amare (you are loved/being loved)	amamini (you are loved/being loved)
		3	amatur (he/she/it is loved/being loved)	amantur (they are loved/being loved)
imp.	act.	1	amabam (I was loving)	amabamus (we were loving)
		2	amabas (you were loving)	amabatis (you were loving)
		3	amabat (he/she/it was loving)	amabant (they were loving)
fu.	act.	1	amabo (I will love/be loving)	amabimus (we will love/be loving)
		2	amabis (you will love/be loving)	amabitis (you will love/be loving)
		3	amabit (he/she/it will love/be loving)	amabunt (they will love/be loving)
per.	act.	1	amavi (I loved/have loved)	amavimus (we loved/have loved)
		2	amavisti/amasti (you loved/have loved)	amavistis/amastis (you loved/have loved)
		3	amavit (he/she/it loved/has loved)	amaverunt/amavere (they loved/have loved)
plu.	act.	1	amaveram (I had loved)	amaveramus (we had loved)
		2	amaveras (you had loved)	amaveratis (you had loved)
		3	amaverat (he/she/it had loved)	amaverant (they had loved)
fu. per.	act.	1	amavero (I will have loved)	amaverimus (we will have loved)
		2	amaveris (you will have loved)	amaveritis (you will have loved)
		3	amaverit (he/she/it will have loved)	amaverint (they will have loved)

Another example of 1st conjugation in the present passive indicative:

cogito, cogitare, cogitavi, cogitatum v. I think
cogita (present stem) + re (ending)

2nd conjugation
cogito, cogitare, cogitavi, cogitatum
indicative
te.	vo.	p.	sing.	pl.
pre.	act.	1	cogito	cogitamus
		2	cogitas	cogitatis
		3	cogitat	cogitant
	pa.	1	cogitor	cogitamur
		2	cogitaris/cogitare	cogitamini
		3	cogitatur	cogitantur
imp.	act.	1	cogitabam	cogitabamus
		2	cogitabas	cogitabatis
		3	cogitabat	cogitabant
fu.	act.	1	cogitabo	cogitabimus
		2	cogitabis	cogitabitis
		3	cogitabit	cogitabunt
per.	act.	1	cogitavi	cogitavimus
		2	cogitavisti/cogitasti	cogitavistis/cogitastis
		3	cogitavit	cogitaverunt/cogitavere
plu.	act.	1	cogitaveram	cogitaveramus
		2	cogitaveras	cogitaveratis
		3	cogitaverat	cogitaverant
fu. per.	act.	1	cogitavero	cogataverimus
		2	cogataveris	cogataveritis
		3	cogataverit	cogataverint

19.1.2. 2nd Conjugation in the Present Passive Indicative

An example of 2nd conjugation in the present passive indicative:

abstineo, abstinēre, abstinui, abstentum v. I abstain
abstinē (present stem) + re (ending)

2nd conjugation
abstineo, abstinēre, abstinui, abstentum
indicative
te.	vo.	p.	sing.	pl.
pre.	act.	1	abstineo	abstinemus
		2	abstines	abstinetis
		3	abstinet	abstinent
	pa.	1	abstineor	abstinemur
		2	abstineris/abstinere	abstinemini
		3	abstinetur	abstinentur
imp.	act.	1	abstinebam	abstinebamus
		2	abstinebas	abstinebatis
		3	abstinebat	abstinebant
fu.	act.	1	abstinebo	abstinebimus
		2	abstinebis	abstinebitis
		3	abstinebit	abstinebunt
per.	act.	1	abstinui	abstinuimus
		2	abstinuisti	abstinuistis
		3	abstinuit	abstinuerunt/abstinuere
plu.	act.	1	abstinueram	abstinueramus
		2	abstinueras	abstinueratis
		3	abstinuerat	abstinuerant
fu. per.	act.	1	abstinuero	abstinuerimus
		2	abstinueris	abstinueritis
		3	abstinuerit	abstinuerint

Another example of 2nd conjugation in the present passive indicative:

debeo, debēre, debui, debitum v. I have
debē (present stem) + re (ending)

2nd conjugation
debeo, debēre, debui, debitum
indicative
te.	vo.	p.	sing.	pl.
pre.	act.	1	debeo	debemus
		2	vdebes	debetis
		3	debet	debent
	pa.	1	debeor	debemur
		2	debris/debere	debemini
		3	debetur	debentur
imp.	act.	1	debebam	debebamus
		2	debebas	debebatis
		3	debebat	debebant
fu.	act.	1	debebo	debebimus
		2	debebis	debebitis
		3	debebit	debebunt
per.	act.	1	debui	debuimus
		2	debuisti	debuistis
		3	debuit	debuerunt/debuere
plu.	act.	1	debueram	debueramus
		2	debueras	debueratis
		3	debuerat	debuerant
fu. per.	act.	1	debuero	debuerimus
		2	debueris	debueritis
		3	debuerit	debuerint

19.1.3. 3rd Conjugation in the Present Passive Indicative

A verb of 3rd conjugation in the present passive indicative goes through signification modifications as follows:

person	sing.	pl.
1	"e" to "o"	"e" to "i"
2		"e" to "i"
3	"e" to "i"	"e" to "u"

Recall that verbs of 3rd conjugation in the present active indicative go through the same modifications. In the present active indicative, the ending vowel "e" of the present also changes to "i" in 2nd person singular.

An example of 3rd conjugation in the present passive indicative:

credo, credere, credidi, creditum v. I believe
crede (present stem) + re (ending)

3rd conjugation
credo, credere, credidi, creditum
indicative
te.	vo.	p.	sing.	pl.
pre.	act.	1	credo	credimus
		2	credis	creditis
		3	credit	credunt
	pa.	1	credor	credimur
		2	crederis/credere	credimini
		3	creditur	creduntur
imp.	act.	1	credebam	credebamus
		2	credebas	credebatis
		3	credebat	credebant
fu.	act.	1	credam	credemus
		2	credes	credetis
		3	credet	credent
per.	act.	1	credidi	credidimus
		2	credidisti	credidistis
		3	credidit	crediderunt/credidere
plu.	act.	1	credideram	credideramus
		2	credideratis	debueratis
		3	crediderat	crediderant
fu. per.	act.	1	credidero	crediderimus
		2	credideris	credideritis
		3	crediderit	crediderint

Another example of 3rd conjugation in the present passive indicative:

desero, deserere, deserui, desertum v. I desert, I abandon
desere (present stem) + re (ending)

3rd conjugation
desero, deserere, deserui, desertum
indicative
te.	vo.	p.	sing.	pl.
pre.	act.	1	desero	deserimus
		2	deseritis	deseritis
		3	deserit	deserunt
	pa.	1	deseror	deserimur
		2	desereris/deserere	deserimini
		3	deseritur	deseruntur
imp.	act.	1	deserebam	deserebamus
		2	deserebas	deserebatis
		3	deserebat	deserebant
fu.	act.	1	deseram	deseremus
		2	deseres	deseretis
		3	deseret	deserent
per.	act.	1	deserui	deseruimus
		2	deseruisti	deseruistis
		3	deseruit	deseruerunt/deseruere
plu.	act.	1	deserueram	deserueramus
		2	deserueras	deserueratis
		3	deseruerat	deseruerant
fu. per.	act.	1	deseruero	deseruerimus
		2	deserueris	deserueritis
		3	deseruerit	deseruerint

19.1.4. 3rd-io Conjugation in the Present Passive Indicative

A verb of 3rd conjugation in the present passive indicative goes through signification modifications as follows:

person	sing.	pl.
1	"e" to "io"	"e" to "i"
2		"e" to "i"
3	"e" to "i"	"e" to "iu"

An example of 3rd-io conjugation in the present passive indicative:

capio, capere, cepi, captum v. I capture
cepe (present stem) + re (ending)

Recall that verbs of 3rd-io conjugation in the present active indicative go through the same modifications. In the present active indicative, the ending vowel "e" of the present also changes to "i" in 2nd person singular.

3rd-io conjugation
capio, capere, cepi, captum
indicative
te.	vo.	p.	sing.	pl.
pre.	act.	1	capio	capimus
		2	capis	capitis
		3	capt	capiunt
	pa.	1	capior	capimur
		2	caperis/capere	capimini
		3	capitur	capiuntur
imp.	act.	1	capiebam	capiebamus
		2	capiebas	capiebatis
		3	capiebat	capiebant
fu.	act.	1	capiam	capiemus
		2	capies	capietis
		3	capiet	capient
per.	act.	1	cepi	cepimus
		2	cepisti	cepistis
		3	cepit	ceperunt/cepere
plu.	act.	1	ceperam	ceperamus
		2	ceperas	ceperatis
		3	ceperat	ceperant
fu. per.	act.	1	cepero	ceperimus
		2	ceperis	ceperitis
		3	ceperit	ceperint

Another example of 3rd-io conjugation in the present passive indicative:

pario, parere, peperi, partum v. I bear, I give birth to
pare (present stem) + re (ending)

3rd-io conjugation
pario, parere, peperi, partum
indicative
te.	vo.	p.	sing.	pl.
pre.	act.	1	pario	parimus
		2	paris	paritis
		3	parit	pariunt
	pa.	1	parior	parimur
		2	pareris/parere	parimini
		3	paritur	pariuntur
imp.	act.	1	pariebam	pariebamus
		2	pariebas	pariebatis
		3	pariebat	pariebant
fu.	act.	1	pariam	pariemus
		2	paries	parietis
		3	pariet	parient
per.	act.	1	peperi	peperimus
		2	peperisti	peperistis
		3	peperit	pepererunt/peperere
plu.	act.	1	pepereram	pepereramus
		2	pepereras	pepereratis
		3	pepererat	pepererant
fu. per.	act.	1	peperero	pepererimus
		2	pepereris	pepereritis
		3	pepererit	pepererint

19.1.5. 4th Conjugation in the Present Passive Indicative

In 1st person singular, the ending vowel of the present stem changes from "i" to "io."

In 3rd person plural, the ending vowel of the present stem changes from "i" to "iu."

Recall that verbs of 4th conjugation in the present active indicative go through the same modifications.

An example of 4th conjugation in the present passive indicative:

definio, definire, definivi, definitum v. I define
defini (present stem) + re (ending)

4th conjugation
definio, definire, definivi, definitum
indicative
te.	vo.	p.	sing.	pl.
pre.	act.	1	definio	definimus
		2	definis	definitis
		3	definit	definiunt
	pa.	1	definior	definimur
		2	definiris/definire	definimini
		3	definitur	definiuntur
imp.	act.	1	definiebam	definiebamus
		2	definiebas	definiebatis
		3	definiebat	definiebant
fu.	act.	1	definiam	definiemus
		2	definies	definietis
		3	definiet	definient
per.	act.	1	definivi	definivimus
		2	definivisti/definisti	definivistis/definistis
		3	definivit	definiverunt/definivere
plu.	act.	1	definiveram	definiveramus
		2	definiveras	definiveratis
		3	definiverat	definiverant
fu. per.	act.	1	definivero	definiverimus
		2	definiveris	definiveritis
		3	definiverit	definiverint

Another example of 4th conjugation in the present passive indicative:

impedio, impedire, impedivi, impeditum v. I impede
impedi (present stem) + re (ending)

4th conjugation
impedio, impedire, impedivi, impeditum
indicative
te.	vo.	p.	sing.	pl.
pre.	act.	1	impedio	impedimus
		2	impedis	impeditis
		3	impedit	impediunt
	pa.	1	impedior	impedimur
		2	impediris/impedire	impedimini
		3	impeditur	impediuntur
imp.	act.	1	impediebam	impediebamus
		2	impediebas	impediebatis
		3	impediebat	impediebant
fu.	act.	1	imdediam	impediemus
		2	impedies	impedietis
		3	impediet	impedient
per.	act.	1	impedivi	impedivimus
		2	impedivisti/impedisti	impedivistis/impedistis
		3	impedivit	impediverunt/impedivere
plu.	act.	1	impediveram	impediveramus
		2	impediveras	impediveratis
		3	impediverat	impediverant
fu. per.	act.	1	impedivero	impediverimus
		2	impediveris	impediveritis
		3	impediverit	impediverint

19.2. Imperfect Passive Indicative

Recall that the imperfect tense both in the active and passive indicatives is expressed by the suffix "ba" to the present stem. A verb in the imperfect passive indicative conjugates in the following way:

present stem + ba + passive personal endings

19.2.1. 1st/2nd/3rd Conjugations in the Imperfect Passive Indicative

An example of 1st conjugation in the imperfect passive indicative:

amo, amare, amavi, amatum v. I love
ama (present stem) + re (ending)

1st conjugation
amo, amare, amavi, amatum
indicative
te.	vo.	p.	sing.	pl.
pre.	act.	1	amo (I love/am loving)	amamus (we love/are loving)
		2	amas (you love/are loving)	amatis (you love/are loving)
		3	amat (he/she/it loves/is loving)	amant (they love/are loving)
	pa.	1	amor (I am loved/being loved)	amamur (we are loved/being loved)
		2	amaris/amare (you are loved/being loved)	amamini (you are loved/being loved)
		3	amatur (he/she/it is loved/being loved)	amantur (they are loved/being loved)
imp.	act.	1	amabam (I was loving)	amabamus (we were loving)
		2	amabas (you were loving)	amabatis (you were loving)
		3	amabat (he/she/it was loving)	amabant (they were loving)
	pa.	1	amabar (I was being loved)	amabamur (we were being loved)
		2	amabaris/amabare (you were being loved	amabamini (you were being loved)
		3	amabatur (he/she/it was being loved)	amabantur (they were being loved)
fu.	act.	1	amabo (I will love/be loving)	amabimus (we will love/be loving)
		2	amabis (you will love/be loving)	amabitis (you will love/be loving)
		3	amabit (he/she/it will love/be loving)	amabunt (they will love/be loving)
per.	act.	1	amavi (I loved/have loved)	amavimus (we loved/have loved)
		2	amavisti/amasti (you loved/have loved)	amavistis/amastis (you loved/have loved)
		3	amavit (he/she/it loved/has loved)	amaverunt/amavere (they loved/have loved)
plu.	act.	1	amaveram (I had loved)	amaveramus (we had loved)
		2	amaveras (you had loved)	amaveratis (you had loved)
		3	amaverat (he/she/it had loved)	amaverant (they had loved)
fu. per.	act.	1	amavero (I will have loved)	amaverimus (we will have loved)
		2	amaveris (you will have loved)	amaveritis (you will have loved)
		3	amaverit (he/she/it will have loved)	amaverint (they will have loved)

Another example of 1st conjugation in the imperfect passive indicative:

cogito, cogitare, cogitavi, cogitatum v. I think
cogita (present stem) + re (ending)

1st conjugation
cogito, cogitare, cogitavi, cogitatum
indicative
te.	vo.	p.	sing.	pl.
pre.	act.	1	cogito	cogitamus
		2	cogitas	cogitatis
		3	cogitat	cogitant
	pa.	1	cogitor	cogitamur
		2	cogitaris/cogitare	cogitamini
		3	cogitatur	cogitantur
imp.	act.	1	cogitabam	cogitabamus
		2	cogitabas	cogitabatis
		3	cogitabat	cogitabant
	pa.	1	cogitabar	cogitabamur
		2	cogitabaris/cogitabare	cogitabamini
		3	cogitabatur	cogitabantur
fu.	act.	1	cogitabo	cogitabimus
		2	cogitabis	cogitabitis
		3	cogitabit	cogitabunt
per.	act.	1	cogitavi	cogitavimus
		2	cogitavisti/cogitasti	cogitavistis/cogitastis
		3	cogitavit	cogitaverunt/cogitavere
plu.	act.	1	cogitaveram	cogitaveramus
		2	cogitaveras	cogitaveratis
		3	cogitaverat	cogitaverant
fu. per.	act.	1	cogitavero	cogataverimus
		2	cogataveris	cogataveritis
		3	cogataverit	cogataverint

An example of 2nd conjugation in the imperfect passive indicative:

abstineo, abstinēre, abstinui, abstentum v. I abstain
abstinē (present stem) + re (ending)

2nd conjugation
abstineo, abstinēre, abstinui, abstentum
indicative
te.	vo.	p.	sing.	pl.
pre.	act.	1	abstineo	abstinemus
		2	abstines	abstinetis
		3	abstinet	abstinent
	pa.	1	abstineor	abstinemur
		2	abstineris/abstinere	abstinemini
		3	abstinetur	abstinentur
imp.	act.	1	abstinebam	abstinebamus
		2	abstinebas	abstinebatis
		3	abstinebat	abstinebant
	pa.	1	abstinebar	abstinebamur
		2	abstinebaris/abstinebare	abstinebamini
		3	abstinebatur	abstinebantur
fu.	act.	1	abstinebo	abstinebimus
		2	abstinebis	abstinebitis
		3	abstinebit	abstinebunt
per.	act.	1	abstinui	abstinuimus
		2	abstinuisti	abstinuistis
		3	abstinuit	abstinuerunt/abstinuere
plu.	act.	1	abstinueram	abstinueramus
		2	abstinueras	abstinueratis
		3	abstinuerat	abstinuerant
fu. per.	act.	1	abstinuero	abstinuerimus
		2	abstinueris	abstinueritis
		3	abstinuerit	abstinuerint

Another example of 2nd conjugation in the imperfect passive indicative:

debeo, debēre, debui, debitum v. I have
debē (present stem) + re (ending)

2nd conjugation
debeo, debēre, debui, debitum
indicative
te.	vo.	p.	sing.	pl.
pre.	act.	1	debeo	debemus
		2	vdebes	debetis
		3	debet	debent
	pa.	1	debeor	debemur
		2	debris/debere	debemini
		3	debetur	debentur
imp.	act.	1	debebam	debebamus
		2	debebas	debebatis
		3	debebat	debebant
	pa.	1	debebar	debebamur
		2	debebaris/debebaree	debebamini
		3	debebatur	debebantur
fu.	act.	1	debebo	debebimus
		2	debebis	debebitis
		3	debebit	debebunt
per.	act.	1	debui	debuimus
		2	debuisti	debuistis
		3	debuit	debuerunt/debuere
plu.	act.	1	debueram	debueramus
		2	debueras	debueratis
		3	debuerat	debuerant
fu. per.	act.	1	debuero	debuerimus
		2	debueris	debueritis
		3	debuerit	debuerint

An example of 3rd conjugation in the imperfect passive indicative:

credo, credere, credidi, creditum v. I believe
crede (present stem) + re (ending)

3rd conjugation
credo, credere, credidi, creditum
indicative
te.	vo.	p.	sing.	pl.
pre.	act.	1	credo	credimus
		2	credis	creditis
		3	credit	credunt
	pa.	1	credor	credimur
		2	crederis/credere	credimini
		3	creditur	creduntur
imp.	act.	1	credebam	credebamus
		2	credebas	credebatis
		3	credebat	credebant
	pa.	1	credebar	credebamur
		2	credebaris/credebare	credebamini
		3	credebatur	credebantur
fu.	act.	1	credam	credemus
		2	credes	credetis
		3	credet	credent
per.	act.	1	credidi	credidimus
		2	credidisti	credidistis
		3	credidit	crediderunt/credidere
plu.	act.	1	credideram	credideramus
		2	credideratis	debueratis
		3	crediderat	crediderant
fu. per.	act.	1	credidero	crediderimus
		2	credideris	credideritis
		3	crediderit	crediderint

Another example of 3rd conjugation in the imperfect passive indicative:

desero, deserere, deserui, desertum v. I desert, I abandon
desere (present stem) + re (ending)

3rd conjugation
desero, deserere, deserui, desertum
indicative
te.	vo.	p.	sing.	pl.
pre.	act.	1	desero	deserimus
		2	deseritis	deseritis
		3	deserit	deserunt
	pa.	1	deseror	deserimur
		2	desereris/deserere	deserimini
		3	deseritur	deseruntur
imp.	act.	1	deserebam	deserebamus
		2	deserebas	deserebatis
		3	deserebat	deserebant
	pa.	1	deserebar	deserebamur
		2	deserebaris/deserebare	deserebamini
		3	deserebatur	deserebantur
fu.	act.	1	deseram	deseremus
		2	deseres	deseretis
		3	deseret	deserent
per.	act.	1	deserui	deseruimus
		2	deseruisti	deseruistis
		3	deseruit	deseruerunt/deseruere
plu.	act.	1	deserueram	deserueramus
		2	deserueras	deserueratis
		3	deseruerat	deseruerant
fu. per.	act.	1	deseruero	deseruerimus
		2	deserueris	deserueritis
		3	deseruerit	deseruerint

19.2.2. 3rd-io and 4th Conjugations in the Imperfect Passive Indicative

As in the active, the ending vowel of the present stem is modified (for all six forms) in the following way for 3rd-io and 4th conjugations in the imperfect active indicative:

3rd-io conjugation: "e" → ie"
4th conjugation: "i" → "ie"

As a result, verbs of 3rd-io and 4th conjugations in the imperfect passive indicative end in the following way:

all five conjugations
indicative
te.	vo.	p.	sing.	pl.
plu.	act.	1	-iebar	-iebamur
		2	-iebaris/-iebare	-iebamini
		3	-iebatur	-iebantur

An example of 3rd-io conjugation in the imperfect passive indicative:

capio, capere, cepi, captum v. I capture
cepe (present stem) + re (ending)

3rd-io conjugation
capio, capere, cepi, captum
indicative
te.	vo.	p.	sing.	pl.
pre.	act.	1	capio	capimus
		2	capis	capitis
		3	capt	capiunt
	pa.	1	capior	capimur
		2	caperis/capere	capimini
		3	capitur	capiuntur
imp.	act.	1	capiebam	capiebamus
		2	capiebas	capiebatis
		3	capiebat	capiebant
	pa.	1	capiebar	capiebamur
		2	capiebaris/capiebare	capiebamini
		3	capiebatur	capiebantur
fu.	act.	1	capiam	capiemus
		2	capies	capietis
		3	capiet	capient
per.	act.	1	cepi	cepimus
		2	cepisti	cepistis
		3	cepit	ceperunt/cepere
plu.	act.	1	ceperam	ceperamus
		2	ceperas	ceperatis
		3	ceperat	ceperant
fu. per.	act.	1	cepero	ceperimus
		2	ceperis	ceperitis
		3	ceperit	ceperint

Another example of 3rd-io conjugation in the imperfect passive indicative:

pario, parere, peperi, partum v. I bear, I give birth to
pare (present stem) + re (ending)

3rd-io conjugation
pario, parere, peperi, partum
indicative
te.	vo.	p.	sing.	pl.
pre.	act.	1	pario	parimus
		2	paris	paritis
		3	parit	pariunt
	pa.	1	parior	parimur
		2	pareris/parere	parimini
		3	paritur	pariuntur
imp.	act.	1	pariebam	pariebamus
		2	pariebas	pariebatis
		3	pariebat	pariebant
	pa.	1	pariebar	pariebamur
		2	pariebaris/pariebare	pariebamini
		3	pariebatur	pariebantur
fu.	act.	1	pariam	pariemus
		2	paries	parietis
		3	pariet	parient
per.	act.	1	peperi	peperimus
		2	peperisti	peperistis
		3	peperit	pepererunt/peperere
plu.	act.	1	pepereram	pepereramus
		2	pepereras	pepereratis
		3	pepererat	pepererant
fu. per.	act.	1	peperero	pepererimus
		2	pepereris	pepereritis
		3	pepererit	pepererint

An example of 4th conjugation in the imperfect passive indicative:

definio, definire, definivi, definitum v. I define
defini (present stem) + re (ending)

4th conjugation
definio, definire, definivi, definitum
indicative
te.	vo.	p.	sing.	pl.
pre.	act.	1	definio	definimus
		2	definis	definitis
		3	definit	definiunt
	pa.	1	definior	definimur
		2	definiris/definire	definimini
		3	definitur	definiuntur
imp.	act.	1	definiebam	definiebamus
		2	definiebas	definiebatis
		3	definiebat	definiebant
	pa.	1	definiebar	definiebamur
		2	definiebaris/definiebare	definiebamini
		3	definiebatur	definiebantur
fu.	act.	1	definiam	definiemus
		2	definies	definietis
		3	definiet	definient
per.	act.	1	definivi	definivimus
		2	definivisti/definisti	definivistis/definistis
		3	definivit	definiverunt/definivere
plu.	act.	1	definiveram	definiveramus
		2	definiveras	definiveratis
		3	definiverat	definiverant
fu. per.	act.	1	definivero	definiverimus
		2	definiveris	definiveritis
		3	definiverit	definiverint

Another example of 4th conjugation in the imperfect passive indicative:

impedio, impedire, impedivi, impeditum v. I impede
impedi (present stem) + re (ending)

4th conjugation
impedio, impedire, impedivi, impeditum
indicative
te.	vo.	p.	sing.	pl.
pre.	act.	1	impedio	impedimus
		2	impedis	impeditis
		3	impedit	impediunt
	pa.	1	impedior	impedimur
		2	impediris/impedire	impedimini
		3	impeditur	impediuntur
imp.	act.	1	impediebam	impediebamus
		2	impediebas	impediebatis
		3	impediebat	impediebant
	pa.	1	impediebar	impediebamur
		2	impediebaris/impediebare	impediebamini
		3	impediebatur	impediebantur
fu.	act.	1	imdediam	impediemus
		2	impedies	impedietis
		3	impediet	impedient
per.	act.	1	impedivi	impedivimus
		2	impedivisti/impedisti	impedivistis/impedistis
		3	impedivit	impediverunt/impedivere
plu.	act.	1	impediveram	impediveramus
		2	impediveras	impediveratis
		3	impediverat	impediverant
fu. per.	act.	1	impedivero	impediverimus
		2	impediveris	impediveritis
		3	impediverit	impediverint

19.3. Future Passive Indicative

As mentioned above, verbs in the future active and passive indicatives use the same suffix to indicate the tense and the ending vowel of the present stem is modified in the same way.

19.3.1. 1st and 2nd Conjugations in the Future Passive Indicative

As in the active, for 1st and 2nd conjugation verbs, future tense is expressed by a suffix "bi" added to the present stem. A verb in the future passive indicative conjugates in the following way:

present stem + bi + passive personal endings

The suffix "bi" is modified as follows:

1st person singular: bio → bo
2nd person singular: bi → be (not in the active)
3rd person plural: biunt → bunt

The suffix "bi" is used in 1st and 2nd conjugations in the future active/passive only.

An example of 1st conjugation in the future passive indicative:

amo, amare, amavi, amatum v. I love
ama (present stem) + re (ending)

1st conjugation
amo, amare, amavi, amatum
indicative
te.	vo.	p.	sing.	pl.
pre.	act.	1	amo (I love/am loving)	amamus (we love/are loving)
		2	amas (you love/are loving)	amatis (you love/are loving)
		3	amat (he/she/it loves/is loving)	amant (they love/are loving)
	pa.	1	amor (I am loved/being loved)	amamur (we are loved/being loved)
		2	amaris/amare (you are loved/being loved)	amamini (you are loved/being loved)
		3	amatur (he/she/it is loved/being loved)	amantur (they are loved/being loved)
imp.	act.	1	amabam (I was loving)	amabamus (we were loving)
		2	amabas (you were loving)	amabatis (you were loving)
		3	amabat (he/she/it was loving)	amabant (they were loving)
	pa.	1	amabar (I was being loved)	amabamur (we were being loved)
		2	amabaris/amabare (you were being loved	amabamini (you were being loved)
		3	amabatur (he/she/it was being loved)	amabantur (they were being loved)
fu.	act.	1	amabo (I will love/be loving)	amabimus (we will love/be loving)
		2	amabis (you will love/be loving)	amabitis (you will love/be loving)
		3	amabit (he/she/it will love/be loving)	amabunt (they will love/be loving)
	pa.	1	amabor (I will be loved/being loved)	amabimur (we will be loved/being loved)
		2	amaberis/amabere (you will be loved/being loved)	amabimini (you will be loved/being loved)
		3	amabitur (he/she/it will be loved/being loved)	amabimini (you will be loved/being loved)
per.	act.	1	amavi (I loved/have loved)	amavimus (we loved/have loved)
		2	amavisti/amasti (you loved/have loved)	amavistis/amastis (you loved/have loved)
		3	amavit (he/she/it loved/has loved)	amaverunt/amavere (they loved/have loved)
plu.	act.	1	amaveram (I had loved)	amaveramus (we had loved)
		2	amaveras (you had loved)	amaveratis (you had loved)
		3	amaverat (he/she/it had loved)	amaverant (they had loved)
fu. per.	act.	1	amavero (I will have loved)	amaverimus (we will have loved)
		2	amaveris (you will have loved)	amaveritis (you will have loved)
		3	amaverit (he/she/it will have loved)	amaverint (they will have loved)

Another example of 1st conjugation in the future passive indicative:

cogito, cogitare, cogitavi, cogitatum v. I think
cogita (present stem) + re (ending)

1st conjugation
cogito, cogitare, cogitavi, cogitatum
indicative
te.	vo.	p.	sing.	pl.
pre.	act.	1	cogito	cogitamus
		2	cogitas	cogitatis
		3	cogitat	cogitant
	pa.	1	cogitor	cogitamur
		2	cogitaris/cogitare	cogitamini
		3	cogitatur	cogitantur
imp.	act.	1	cogitabam	cogitabamus
		2	cogitabas	cogitabatis
		3	cogitabat	cogitabant
	pa.	1	cogitabar	cogitabamur
		2	cogitabaris/cogitabare	cogitabamini
		3	cogitabatur	cogitabantur
fu.	act.	1	cogitabo	cogitabimus
		2	cogitabis	cogitabitis
		3	cogitabit	cogitabunt
	pa.	1	cogitabor	cogitabibimur
		2	cogitaberis/cogitabere	cogitabibimini
		3	cogitabitur	cogitabibuntur
per.	act.	1	cogitavi	cogitavimus
		2	cogitavisti/cogitasti	cogitavistis/cogitastis
		3	cogitavit	cogitaverunt/cogitavere
plu.	act.	1	cogitaveram	cogitaveramus
		2	cogitaveras	cogitaveratis
		3	cogitaverat	cogitaverant
fu. per.	act.	1	cogitavero	cogataverimus
		2	cogataveris	cogataveritis
		3	cogataverit	cogataverint

An example of 2nd conjugation in the future passive indicative:

abstineo, abstinēre, abstinui, abstentum v. I abstain
abstinē (present stem) + re (ending)

2nd conjugation
abstineo, abstinēre, abstinui, abstentum
indicative
te.	vo.	p.	sing.	pl.
pre.	act.	1	abstineo	abstinemus
		2	abstines	abstinetis
		3	abstinet	abstinent
	pa.	1	abstineor	abstinemur
		2	abstineris/abstinere	abstinemini
		3	abstinetur	abstinentur
imp.	act.	1	abstinebam	abstinebamus
		2	abstinebas	abstinebatis
		3	abstinebat	abstinebant
	pa.	1	abstinebar	abstinebamur
		2	abstinebaris/abstinebare	abstinebamini
		3	abstinebatur	abstinebantur
fu.	act.	1	abstinebo	abstinebimus
		2	abstinebis	abstinebitis
		3	abstinebit	abstinebunt
	pa.	1	abstinebor	abstinebimur
		2	abstineberis/abstinebere	abstinebimini
		3	abstinebitur	abstinebuntur
per.	act.	1	abstinui	abstinuimus
		2	abstinuisti	abstinuistis
		3	abstinuit	abstinuerunt/abstinuere
plu.	act.	1	abstinueram	abstinueramus
		2	abstinueras	abstinueratis
		3	abstinuerat	abstinuerant
fu. per.	act.	1	abstinuero	abstinuerimus
		2	abstinueris	abstinueritis
		3	abstinuerit	abstinuerint

Another example of 2nd conjugation in the future passive indicative:

debeo, debēre, debui, debitum v. I have
debē (present stem) + re (ending)

2nd conjugation
debeo, debēre, debui, debitum
indicative
te.	vo.	p.	sing.	pl.
pre.	act.	1	debeo	debemus
		2	vdebes	debetis
		3	debet	debent
	pa.	1	debeor	debemur
		2	debris/debere	debemini
		3	debetur	debentur
imp.	act.	1	debebam	debebamus
		2	debebas	debebatis
		3	debebat	debebant
	pa.	1	debebar	debebamur
		2	debebaris/debebaree	debebamini
		3	debebatur	debebantur
fu.	act.	1	debebo	debebimus
		2	debebis	debebitis
		3	debebit	debebunt
	pa.	1	debebor	debebimur
		2	debeberis/debebere	debebimini
		3	debebitur	debebuntur
per.	act.	1	debui	debuimus
		2	debuisti	debuistis
		3	debuit	debuerunt/debuere
plu.	act.	1	debueram	debueramus
		2	debueras	debueratis
		3	debuerat	debuerant
fu. per.	act.	1	debuero	debuerimus
		2	debueris	debueritis
		3	debuerit	debuerint

19.3.2. 3rd Conjugations in the Future Passive Indicative

Recall that 3rd conjugation verbs in the future active indicative conjugates simply by adding the active personal endings to the present stem (with an exceptional modification in 1st person singular) as follows:

present stem + active personal endings

Verbs of 3rd conjugation in the future passive indicative are formed in the same way, but with the passive personal endings:

present stem + passive personal endings

The suffix "bi" to the present stem which indicates the future tense in 1st and 2nd conjugations (both in the active and in the passive) is not used in 3rd/3rd-io/4th conjugations in the future (both in the active and in the passive).

Also reacall that the modification of the ending vowel of the present stem in 3rd conjugation in the present active indicative (from "e" to "I") does not take place in 3rd conjugation in the future active/passive indicatives.

Exceptionally the ending vowel "e" of the present stem becomes "a" in 1st person singular. This takes place in the active as well.

An example of 3rd conjugation in the future passive indicative:

credo, credere, credidi, creditum v. I believe
crede (present stem) + re (ending)

3rd conjugation
credo, credere, credidi, creditum
indicative
te.	vo.	p.	sing.	pl.
pre.	act.	1	credo	credimus
		2	credis	creditis
		3	credit	credunt
	pa.	1	credor	credimur
		2	crederis/credere	credimini
		3	creditur	creduntur
imp.	act.	1	credebam	credebamus
		2	credebas	credebatis
		3	credebat	credebant
	pa.	1	credebar	credebamur
		2	credebaris/credebare	credebamini
		3	credebatur	credebantur
fu.	act.	1	credam	credemus
		2	credes	credetis
		3	credet	credent
	pa.	1	credar	credemur
		2	crederis/credere	credemini
		3	credetur	credentur
per.	act.	1	credidi	credidimus
		2	credidisti	credidistis
		3	credidit	crediderunt/credidere
plu.	act.	1	credideram	credideramus
		2	credideratis	debueratis
		3	crediderat	crediderant
fu. per.	act.	1	credidero	crediderimus
		2	credideris	credideritis
		3	crediderit	crediderint

Another example of 3rd conjugation in the future passive indicative:

desero, deserere, deserui, desertum v. I desert, I abandon
desere (present stem) + re (ending)

3rd conjugation
desero, deserere, deserui, desertum
indicative
te.	vo.	p.	sing.	pl.
pre.	act.	1	desero	deserimus
		2	deseritis	deseritis
		3	deserit	deserunt
	pa.	1	deseror	deserimur
		2	desereris/deserere	deserimini
		3	deseritur	deseruntur
imp.	act.	1	deserebam	deserebamus
		2	deserebas	deserebatis
		3	deserebat	deserebant
	pa.	1	deserebar	deserebamur
		2	deserebaris/deserebare	deserebamini
		3	deserebatur	deserebantur
fu.	act.	1	deseram	deseremus
		2	deseres	deseretis
		3	deseret	deserent
	pa.	1	deserar	deseremur
		2	desereris/deserere	deseremini
		3	deseretur	deserentur
per.	act.	1	deserui	deseruimus
		2	deseruisti	deseruistis
		3	deseruit	deseruerunt/deseruere
plu.	act.	1	deserueram	deserueramus
		2	deserueras	deserueratis
		3	deseruerat	deseruerant
fu. per.	act.	1	deseruero	deseruerimus
		2	deserueris	deserueritis
		3	deseruerit	deseruerint

19.3.3. 3rd-io and 4th Conjugations in the Future Passive Indicative

As in the future active indicative of 3rd-io and 4th conjugations, its passive conjugation is expressed by simply adding the passive personal endings to the present stem (with an exceptional modification in 1st person singular).

The ending vowel "e" of the present stem is also modified in the same way as in the future active indicative of 3rd-io and 4th conjugations (except in 1st person singular). Review the modification illustrated above:

3rd-io conjugation: "e" → ie"
4th conjugation: "i" → "ie"
1st person singular: "e" and "i" → "ia"

An example of 3rd-io conjugation in the future passive indicative:

capio, capere, cepi, captum v. I capture
cepe (present stem) + re (ending)

3rd-io conjugation
capio, capere, cepi, captum
indicative
te.	vo.	p.	sing.	pl.
pre.	act.	1	capio	capimus
		2	capis	capitis
		3	capt	capiunt
	pa.	1	capior	capimur
		2	caperis/capere	capimini
		3	capitur	capiuntur
imp.	act.	1	capiebam	capiebamus
		2	capiebas	capiebatis
		3	capiebat	capiebant
	pa.	1	capiebar	capiebamur
		2	capiebaris/capiebare	capiebamini
		3	capiebatur	capiebantur
fu.	act.	1	capiam	capiemus
		2	capies	capietis
		3	capiet	capient
	pa.	1	capiar	capiemur
		2	capieris/capiere	capiemini
		3	capietur	capientur
per.	act.	1	cepi	cepimus
		2	cepisti	cepistis
		3	cepit	ceperunt/cepere
plu.	act.	1	ceperam	ceperamus
		2	ceperas	ceperatis
		3	ceperat	ceperant
fu. per.	act.	1	cepero	ceperimus
		2	ceperis	ceperitis
		3	ceperit	ceperint

Another example of 3rd-io conjugation in the future passive indicative:

pario, parere, peperi, partum v. I bear, I give birth to
pare (present stem) + re (ending)

3rd-io conjugation
pario, parere, peperi, partum
indicative
te.	vo.	p.	sing.	pl.
pre.	act.	1	pario	parimus
		2	paris	paritis
		3	parit	pariunt
	pa.	1	parior	parimur
		2	pareris/parere	parimini
		3	paritur	pariuntur
imp.	act.	1	pariebam	pariebamus
		2	pariebas	pariebatis
		3	pariebat	pariebant
	pa.	1	pariebar	pariebamur
		2	pariebaris/pariebare	pariebamini
		3	pariebatur	pariebantur
fu.	act.	1	pariam	pariemus
		2	paries	parietis
		3	pariet	parient
	pa.	1	pariar	pariemur
		2	parieris/pariere	pariemini
		3	parietur	parientur
per.	act.	1	peperi	peperimus
		2	peperisti	peperistis
		3	peperit	pepererunt/peperere
plu.	act.	1	pepereram	pepereramus
		2	pepereras	pepereratis
		3	pepererat	pepererant
fu. per.	act.	1	peperero	pepererimus
		2	pepereris	pepereritis
		3	pepererit	pepererint

An example of 4th conjugation in the future passive indicative:

definio, definire, definivi, definitum v. I define
defini (present stem) + re (ending)

4th conjugation
definio, definire, definivi, definitum
indicative
te.	vo.	p.	sing.	pl.
pre.	act.	1	definio	definimus
		2	definis	definitis
		3	definit	definiunt
	pa.	1	definior	definimur
		2	definiris/definire	definimini
		3	definitur	definiuntur
imp.	act.	1	definiebam	definiebamus
		2	definiebas	definiebatis
		3	definiebat	definiebant
	pa.	1	definiebar	definiebamur
		2	definiebaris/definiebare	definiebamini
		3	definiebatur	definiebantur
fu.	act.	1	definiam	definiemus
		2	definies	definietis
		3	definiet	definient
	pa.	1	definiar	definiemur
		2	definieris/definiere	definiemini
		3	definietur	definientur
per.	act.	1	definivi	definivimus
		2	definivisti/definisti	definivistis/definistis
		3	definivit	definiverunt/definivere
plu.	act.	1	definiveram	definiveramus
		2	definiveras	definiveratis
		3	definiverat	definiverant
fu. per.	act.	1	definivero	definiverimus
		2	definiveris	definiveritis
		3	definiverit	definiverint

Another example of 4th conjugation in the future passive indicative:

impedio, impedire, impedivi, impeditum v. I impede
impedi (present stem) + re (ending)

4th conjugation
impedio, impedire, impedivi, impeditum
indicative
te.	vo.	p.	sing.	pl.
pre.	act.	1	impedio	impedimus
		2	impedis	impeditis
		3	impedit	impediunt
	pa.	1	impedior	impedimur
		2	impediris/impedire	impedimini
		3	impeditur	impediuntur
imp.	act.	1	impediebam	impediebamus
		2	impediebas	impediebatis
		3	impediebat	impediebant
	pa.	1	impediebar	impediebamur
		2	impediebaris/impediebare	impediebamini
		3	impediebatur	impediebantur
fu.	act.	1	imdediam	impediemus
		2	impedies	impedietis
		3	impediet	impedient
	pa.	1	impediar	impediemur
		2	impedieris/impediere	impediemini
		3	impedietur	impedientur
per.	act.	1	impedivi	impedivimus
		2	impedivisti/impedisti	impedivistis/impedistis
		3	impedivit	impediverunt/impedivere
plu.	act.	1	impediveram	impediveramus
		2	impediveras	impediveratis
		3	impediverat	impediverant
fu. per.	act.	1	impedivero	impediverimus
		2	impediveris	impediveritis
		3	impediverit	impediverint

20. Adjective and Noun Agreement

In general, an attributive adjective agrees in gender/case/number with the noun it modifies. ie. The modified noun determines the modifying adjective’s gender/case/number.

But the modified noun does not determine the modifying adjective’s declension category. The declension type of an adjective is fixed regardless of the declension of the noun that it modifies. In other words, both 1st/2nd declension adjectives and 3rd declension adjectives can modify a noun of any declension.

20.1. Attributive Adjective and Noun Agreement

Attributive adjective and a sing noun agreement is straightforward, but an attributive adjective can modify more than one noun, and each noun may be of different gender. There are some rules of agreement in such cases.

20.1.1. Agreement With a Single Noun

When an attributive adjective modifies one noun, the adjective simply declines according to the gender/case/number of the modified noun.

Take for example the following noun and adjective:

terra, terrae m. f. land (1st decl.)
populus, populi, n. m. people (2nd decl.)
nomen, nominis m. neut. name (3rd decl.)
sanctus, santa, sanctum a. holy (1st/2nd decl.)

Observe, for example, the following usage of "sanctus" (Review its declension chart provided above.) (Notice that adjective is followed by noun. Latin word order is flexible. The modified noun can be either preceded or followed by the modifying adjective. The word order will be discussed later.):

terra sancta (holy land, Ex 3.5) ("terra" is nominative singular)
populus sanctus (holy people, Dt 7.6) ("populus" is nominative singular)
nomen sanctum (holy name, Lv 20.3) ("nomen" is accusative singular)

Likewise, the modified noun’s gender/case/number determine the modifying adjective’s gender/case/number. The modified noun’s declension type does not affect the modifying adjective’s declension. "terra," "populus" and "nomen" are of different declensions, but they are all modified by "sanctus" which is a 1st/2nd declension adjective.

"sanctus" takes different feminine noun endings to modify the feminine noun "terra" according to its case and number as follows:

populus, populi
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	terra sancta terrae sanctae terrae sanctae terram sanctam terra sancta	terrae sanctae terrarum sanctarum terris sanctis terras sanctas terris sanctis

"sanctus" takes different masculine noun endings to modify the masculine noun "populus" according to its case and number as follows:

populus, populi
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	populus sanctus populi sancti populo sancto populum sanctum populo sancto popule sancte	populi sancti populorum sanctorum populis sanctis populos sanctos populis sanctis

"sanctus" takes different neuter noun endings to modify the neuter noun "nomen" according to its case and number as follows:

nomen, nominis
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	pnomen sanctum nominis sancti nomini sancto nomen sanctum nomine sancto	nomina sancta nominum sanctorum nominibus sanctis nomines sancta nominibus sanctis

20.1.2. Agreement With a Multiple Nouns

When an attributive adjective modifies more than one noun, the cases of the nouns are, of course, the same, but the nouns may be of different genders and numbers.

20.1.2.1. Multiple Nouns in Different Numbers

When the modified nouns are in different numbers, the modifying adjective generally agrees with the nearest noun in number. For example:

their (f. acc. pl) successions (f. acc. pl) and ministry (neut. acc. sing.) (I Chr 24.3)

The adjective "their" modifies both "successions" and "ministry." The adjective takes the plural form to agree with the number of the nearest noun "successions," not to the singular noun "ministry."

An adjective modifying multiple nouns may simply take the plural form.

20.1.2.2. Multiple Nouns in Different Genders

When the modified nouns are of different genders, the modifying adjective also agrees with the nearest noun in gender. Observe once again the example given above:

their (f. acc. pl) successions (f. acc. pl) and ministry (neut. acc. sing.) (I Chr 24.3)

The adjective "their" takes the feminine form to agree with the nearest noun "successions" in gender.

20.2. Predicative Adjective and Noun Agreement

Predicative adjective is used with the copulative verb "sum" to modify the subject of a sentence. Therefore, predicative adjective is always nominative.

20.2.1. Predicative Adjective and a Single Subject

When the predicative adjective modifies one subject, the adjective agrees with the subject in gender/case/number.

Take an adjective "bonus" as an example:

bonus, bona, bonum a. good

bonus, bona, bonum
case	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	populus sanctus populi sancti populo sancto populum sanctum populo sancto popule sancte	populi sancti populorum sanctorum populis sanctis populos sanctos populis sanctis

"bonus" as a predicative adjective agrees with the gender/case/number of the subject it modifies as follows:

m. sing.: God is good. (bonus, 1 Mc 4.24)
neut. sing.: Salt is good. (bonum, Mk 9.49)
f. sing. Her task is good. (bona, Prv 31.18)

"sal (salt)" is a masculine noun, but is also used as neuter in the singular.

20.2.2. Predicative Adjective and Multiple Nouns as a Subject

Multiple nouns may form a subject. Those nouns are in the nominative because they are the subject in the sentence. But their gender and number may vary, not identical to one another.

20.2.2.1. Number of Adjective

Predicative adjective modifying a subject of multiple nouns takes a plural form.

20.2.2.2. Nouns of Same Gender

In general, when multiple nouns as one subject are of the same gender, the predicative adjective agrees with their gender.

But the predicative may take a neuter form when the subject is of feminine nouns expressing abstract concepts.

20.2.2.3. Nouns of Different Gender

The predicative adjective takes different gender forms depending on the nature of the subject:

subject	predicative adjective
persons	masculine
things	neuter
persons and things	masculine neuter the gender of the nearest noun

When the nouns of the subject represent persons, the predicative adjective takes a masculine form. When the nouns of the subject represent things, the predicative adjective takes a neuter form. When the nouns of the subject represent both persons and things, the predicative adjective may take a masculine or a neuter form, or it may follow the gender of the nearest noun.

21. Participle I

A participle is a word formed from a verb and used as an adjective in the sentence. (Sometimes it is called a "verbal adjective.")

Acting as an adjective, a participle:

agrees with the noun which it modifies in gender/case/umber
can be attributive or predicative
can be used as a substantive

Because participles originate from a verb, they have has some verbal characteristics. For example, participles can have an object.

Participles are divided into the following four groups:

present active participle
perfect passive participle
future active participle
future passive participle

cf. English has present active and perfect passive participles, but no future participles.

Perfect active participle and present passive participle are not used.

To be able to conjugate a verb in the perfect/pluperfect/future perfect passive indicative, participles and the copulative verb "sum" must be learned first.

Participles modifying noun(s) follow the rules of agreement, discussed above, between noun(s) and attributive/predicative adjectives.

Participle is used as adjective, but, unlike in the adjectival declension, "stem" will be used as the base for the declension of participle, as in the verbal conjugation because participle is formed from verb.

The declension type and declension base of four participles are as follows:

participle	declension type	declension base
present active participle	3rd declension (Group 3)	present stem
perfect passive participle	1st/2nd declension	supine stem
future active participle		supine stem
future passive participle		present stem

According to its declension type, each participle is called as follows:

present active participle = 3rd declension adjective
perfect passive participle = 1st/2nd declension adjective
future active participle = 1st/2nd declension adjective
future passive participle = 1st/2nd declension adjective

Like adjectives, participles can form a verbal phrase with the copula verb “sum.” This is the predicative use of a participle.

21.1. Present Active Participle

The function of present active participle largely corresponds to that of the English present participle.

Note, however, that there is also a difference. For example, present active participle is used only attributively, but not predicatively. Present active participle is not used to express the meaning expressed by the following English sentence structure:

subject + copula verb + present participle

Recall that, in Latin, the meaning expressed by this sentence structure is expressed by the present active indicative. For example:

facio, facere, feci, factum v. I do, I make
first person singular present active indicative: facio (I am doing)

ie. "am doing" is not expressed by "sum" and the present active participle of "facio."

Present active participles decline like 3rd declension adjective (Group 3), which is based on 3rd declension i-stem noun endings.

Recall that 3rd declension adjectives are subdivided into three Groups depending on the number of their distinctive masculine nominative singular forms. Present active participles decline like a Group 3 adjective whose masculine/feminine/neuter nominative singulars have the same ending. ie. Present active participles decline using the endings that the 3rd declension adjectives of Group 3 use for their declension.

Also recall that an important difference between the declensions of 3rd declension adjective and 3rd declension i-stem noun is their different masculine/feminine ablative singular endings. ie. The masculine/feminine ablative singular ending of a 3rd declension i-stem noun is "e," and the masculine/feminine ablative singular ending of a 3rd declension adjective is "i."

Review the declensions of 3rd declension i-stem noun and 3rd declension adjective:

3rd decl. i-stem n.
g.	m./f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	is i em e	es ium ibus es ibus	is i i	ia ium ibus ia ibus

3rd decl. a.
g.	m./f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	is i em i	es ium ibus es ibus	is i i	ia ium ibus ia ibus

Exceptionally, masculine/feminine/neuter ablative singulars take the masculine/feminine ablative singular ending “e” of 3rd declension i-stem noun, when a participle:

expresses its verbal characteristic of having an object
is used as a substantive

When a participle is used purely as adjective, its masculine/feminine/neuter ablative singulars take "i"as its ending. Therefore, the declension chart for a participle is as follows:

participle
g.	m./f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	is i em e/i	es ium ibus es ibus	is i e/i	ia ium ibus ia ibus

The masculine/feminine/neuter nominative singular of a participle from the verbs in all conjugation types is formed in the following way, with slight variations in the participles from 3-io and 4th conjugation verbs: p>

present stem + ns

21.1.1. Present Active Participle of 1st Conjugation Verb

Take, for example, a participle from 1st conjugation verb:

flammo, flammare, flammavi, flammatum v. I flame
flamma (present stem) + re (ending)
flamma (present stem) + ns = flammans

Dictionaries usually do not list participles as a separate entry. In this grammar, participles will be introduced in the following way. As in 3rd declension adjectives of Group 3, a participle is given with its genitive form:

flammans, flammantis part. flaming

The rest of the declined forms is constituted in the following way:

present stem + nt + Group 3 endings

The present active participle of "flammo" declines as follows:

flamma (present stem) + nt + Group 3 endings

flammans, flammantis
g.	m./f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	flammans flammantis flammanti flammantem flammante/flammanti	flammantes flammantium flammantibus flammantes flammantibus	flammans flammantis flammanti flammans flammante/flammanti	flammantia flammantium flammantibus flammantia flammantibus

Notice the two different endings of masculine/feminine ablative singulars.

An example of the use of "flammans":

m. gen. sing.: of flaming fire (flamnantis, Isa 4.5)

As noted above, a participle having an object takes “e” as an ending in the ablative singular. For example:

clamo, clamare, clamavi, clamatum v. I claim
clama (present stem) + re (ending)
clama (present stem) + ns = clamans
clamans, clamantis part. claiming

"clamans" declines as follows:

clamans, clamantis
g.	m./f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	clamans clamantis clamanti clamantem clamante/clamanti	clamantes clamantium clamantibus clamantes clamantibus	clamans clamantis clamanti clamans clamante/clamanti	clamantia clamantium clamantibus clamantia clamantibus

An example of the use of "clamans" having an object:

m. abl. sing.: with the herald claiming that everybody … (clamante, Gn 41.43)

Having an object, “clamans” takes the ending “e” in the ablative singular.

"claiming" has an object ("that everybody …") and at the same time modifies "herald." ie. The herald is not a mere herald, but a claiming herald.

As explained above, a participle can be used as a substantive. For example:

amo, amare, amavi, amatum v. I love
ama (present stem) + re (ending)
ama (present stem) + ns = amans
amans, amantis part. loving

“amans” declines as follows:

amans, amantis
g.	m./f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	amans amantis amanti amantem amante/amanti	amantes amantium amantibus amantes amantibus	amans amantis amanti amans amante/amanti	amantia amantium amantibus amantia amantibus

Example of the use of “amans” as a substantive:

m./f. nom. pl.: the loving (= loving people, lovers) (amantes)
m./f. abl. sing.: from a loving mother (amante)

As mentioned above, a participle takes the ending “e” in the ablative, so “from a lover” is expressed by “amente” instead of “amenti.”

21.1.2. Present Active Participle of 2nd Conjugation Verb

Take, for another example, a participle from 2nd conjugation verb:

sedeo, sedēre, sedi, sessum v. I sit
sede (present stem) + re (ending)
sede (present stem) + ns = sedens
sedens, sedentis part. sitting

"sedens" declines as follows:

sedens, sedentis
g.	m./f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	sedens sedentis sedenti sedentem sedente/sedenti	sedentes sedentium sedentibus sedentes sedentibus	sedens sedentis sedenti sedens sedente/sedenti	sedentia sedentium sedentibus sedentia sedentibus

An example of the use of "sedens":

m. acc. sing.: I saw the Lord sitting on a throne. (sedentem, Isa 6.1)

Another example of the use of "sedens"

f. dat. sing.: The angel of the Lord appeared to his wife sitting in the field. (sedenti, Jdg 13.9)

21.1.3. Present Active Participle of 3rd Conjugation Verb

Take, for example, a participle from 3rd conjugation verb:

absolve, absolvere, absolvi, absolutum v. I absolve
absolve (present stem) + re (ending)
absolve (present stem) + ns = absolvens
absolvens, absolventis part. sitting

“absolvens” declines as follows:

sedens, sedentis
g.	m./f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	absolvens absolventis absolventi absolventem absolvente/absolventi	absolventes absolventium absolventibus absolventes absolventibus	absolvens absolventis absolventi absolvens absolvente/absolventi	absolventia absolventium absolventibus absolventia absolventibus

21.1.4. Present Active Participle of 3rd-io Conjugation Verb

The difference between the declension of a participle from 1st/2nd/3rd conjugation verb and a participle from 3rd-io/4th declension is that the latter is based on the modified stem ending.

The ending vowel "e" of 3rd-io conjugation verb’s present stem changes to "ie."

Take a participle from a 3rd-io conjugation verb for example:

capio, capere, cepi, captum v. I capture
cape (present stem) → capie (modified present stem)
capie (modified present stem) + ns = capiens
capiens, capientis part. capturing

"capiens" declines as follows:

capiens, capientis
g.	m./f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	capiens capientis capienti capientem capiente/capienti	capientes capientium capientibus capientes capientibus	capiens capientis capienti capiens capiente/capienti	capientia capientium capientibus capientia capientibus

An example of the use of "capiens":

m. abl. pl.: with his own pains capturing augmentations (capientibus, 2 Mc 9.11)

21.1.5. Present Active Participle of 4th Conjugation Verb

The ending vowel "i" of 4th conjugation verb’s present stem changes to "ie."

Take a participle from a 4th conjugation verb for another example:

punio, punire, punivi/punii, punitum v. I punish
puni (present stem) → punie (modified present stem)
punie (modified present stem) + ns = puniens
puniens, punientis part. punishing

"puniens" declines as follows:

puniens, punientis
g.	m./f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	puniens punientis punienti punientem puniente/punienti	punientes punientium punientibus punientes punientibus	puniens punientis punienti puniens puniente/punienti	punientia punientium punientibus punientia punientibus

An example of the use of "puniens":

m. nom. sing.: Punishing them, I compelled … (puniens, Acts 26.11)

Here "puniens" is masculine nominative singular. It is masculine because its subject is Paul the Apostle. "punishing" has an object ("them") and at the same time modifies "I." ie. "I" is not a mere I, but a punishing I.

21.2. Perfect Passive Participle

Perfect passive participle is equivalent to the past participle in English.

Perfect passive participle is based on the supine stem. Supine stem can be identified in the following way:

supine (fourth principal part) = supine stem + um (ending)

Then the perfect passive participle declines like 1st/2nd declension adjectives. Review the declension of 1st/2nd declension adjective:

	1st/2nd decl. a.
	m.		f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	us/- i o um o e/-	i orum is os is	a ae ae am a	ae arum is as is	um i o um o	a orum is a is

Recall that perfect passive/future active and future passive participles all decline like a 1st/2nd declension adjective. There are 1st/2nd declension adjectives whose masculine nominative singular does not end with “us.” But perfect passive/future active/future passive participles in the masculine nominative singular always end with “us.” So the declension chart of perfect passive/future active/future passive participles can be rewritten as follows, with a modification on the masculine nominative singular.

	perfect passive participle future active participle future passive participle
	m.		f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	us i o um o e	i orum is os is	a ae ae am a	ae arum is as is	um i o um o	a orum is a is

Unlike the present active participle, perfect passive participle declines in the same way without variations, regardless of the conjugation type of a verb from which the perfect passive participle is formed.

As in 1st/2nd declension adjective, when a perfect passive participle is introduced in this grammar, its masculine/feminine/neuter nominative singulars will be given.

Three perfect passive tenses (perfect passive, pluperfect passive, future perfect passive) are expressed by the verbal phrase formed by the predicative use of perfect passive participle. These perfect passive tenses and their conjugations will be explained later.

21.2.1. Perfect Passive Participle of 1st Conjugation Verb

Take, for example, a participle from 1st conjugation verb:

inflammo, inflammare, inflammavi, inflammatum v. I inflame

To form its perfect passive participle, first identify the supine stem:

inflammat (supine stem) + um (ending)

The perfect passive participle of the verb “inflammo” is:

inflammatus, inflammata, inflammatum part. inflamed

“inflammatus” declines as follows:

	inflammatus, inflammata, inflammatum
	m.		f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	inflammatus inflammati inflammato inflammatum inflammato inflammate	inflammati inflammatorum inflammatis flammatos flammatis	inflammata inflammatae inflammatae inflammatam inflammata	inflammatae inflammatarum inflammatis inflammatas inflammatis	inflammatum inflammati inflammato inflammatum inflammato	inflammata inflammatorum inflammatis inflammata inflammatis

An example of the use of “inflammatus”:

neut. nom. sing.: been inflamed (inflammatum, Ps 72.21)

Another example:

commuto, commutare, commutavi, commutatum v. I change
commutat (supine stem) + um (ending)
commutatus, commutata, commutatum part. chnaged

“commutatus” declines as follows:

	commutatus, commutata, commutatum
	m.		f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	commutatus commutati commutato commutatum commutato commutate	commutati commutatorum commutatis commutatos commutatis	commutata commutatae commutatae commutatam commutata	commutatae commutatarum commutatis commutatas commutatis	commutatum commutati commutato commutatum commutato	commutata commutatorum commutatis commutata commutatis

An example of the use of “commutatus”:

m. nom. pl.: been changed (commutati, Ps 72.21)

21.2.2. Perfect Passive Participle of 2nd Conjugation Verb

Take, for example, a participle from 2nd conjugation verb:

aboleo, abolēre, abolevi, abolitum v. I abolish
abolit (supine stem) + um (ending)
abolitus, abolita, abolitum part. abolished

“abolitus” declines as follows:

	abolitus, abolita, abolitum
	m.		f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	abolitus aboliti abolito abolitum abolito abolite	aboliti abolitorum abolitis abolitos abolitis	abolita abolitae abolitae abolitam abolita	abolitae abolitarum abolitis abolitas abolitis	abolitum aboliti abolito abolitum abolito	abolita abolitorum abolitis abolita abolitis

An example of the use of “abolitus”:

m. nom. pl.: were abolished (abolitae, 2 Mcc 2.23)

21.2.3. Perfect Passive Participle of 3rd Conjugation Verb

Take, for example, a participle from 3rd conjugation verb:

abscondo, abscondere, abscondi, absconditum v. I hide
abscondit (supine stem) + um (ending)
absconditus, abscondita, absconditum part. hidden

"absconditus" declines as follows:

	absconditus, abscondita, absconditum
	m.		f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	absconditus absconditi abscondito absconditum abscondito abscondite	absconditi absconditorum absconditis absconditos absconditis	abscondita absconditae absconditae absconditam abscondita	absconditae absconditarum absconditis absconditas absconditis	absconditum absconditi abscondito absconditum abscondito	abscondita absconditorum absconditis abscondita absconditis

Examples of the use of "absconditus":

neut. nom. sing.: hidden things (abscondita, Dt 29.29)
m. nom. sing.: hidden in the house of God (absconditus, 2 Chr 22.12)
f. acc. pl.: into the hidden parts (absconditas, Sir 23.28/23.19 [NAB])

21.2.4. Perfect Passive Participle of 3rd-io Conjugation Verb

Take, for example, a participle from 3rd-io conjugation verb:

accipio, accipere, accepi, acceptum v. I accept
accept (supine stem) + um (ending)
acceptus, accepta, acceptum part. accepted

“acceptus” declines as follows:

	acceptus, accepta, acceptum
	m.		f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	acceptus accepti accepto acceptum accepto accepte	accepti acceptorum acceptis acceptos acceptis	accepta acceptae acceptae acceptam accepta	acceptae acceptarum acceptis acceptas acceptis	acceptum accepti accepto acceptum accepto	accepta acceptorum acceptis accepta acceptis

An example of the use of “acceptus”:

m. nom. sing.: is accepted (acceptus, Lk 4.24)

21.2.5. Perfect Passive Participle of 4th Conjugation Verb

Take, for example, a participle from 4th conjugation verb:

invenio, invenire, inveni, inventum v. I invent, I find
invent (supine stem) + um (ending)
inventus, inventa, inventum part. invented, found

“inventus” declines as follows:

	inventus, inventa, inventum
	m.		f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	inventus inventi invento inventum invento invente	inventi inventorum inventis inventos inventis	inventa inventae inventae inventam inventa	inventae inventarum inventis inventas inventis	inventum inventi invento inventum invento	inventa inventorum inventis inventa inventis

An example of the use of “inventus”:

m. nom. pl.: been found (inventi, Lk 4.24)

21.3. Future Participle

A verb’s future active/passive participles are used to indicate that an action is going to take place.

All future participles are 1st/2nd declension adjectives.

Future participles are mostly used predicatively.

21.3.1. Future Active Participle

Future active participle can be translated into English as:

going/about + to infinitive

Future active participle indicates an action that is soon going to take place. This imminent future can also be expressed by the verb in the future active indicative, but the future active indicative generally indicates an action that takes place at any time in the future.

Future active participle is based on the supine stem, and its declension is the same as that of the perfect passive participle regardless of the verb’s conjugation type, except for the addition of "ur" as follows:

supine stem + ur + 1st/2nd declension adjective endings

21.3.1.1. Future Active Participle of 1st Conjugation Verb

Take, for example, a participle from 1st conjugation verb:

do, dare, dedi, datum v. give
dat (supine stem) + ur + 1st/2nd declension adjective endings
daturus, datura, daturum part. going/about to give

"daturus" declines as follows:

	daturus, datura, daturum
	m.		f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	daturus daturi daturo daturum daturo dature	daturi daturorum daturis daturos daturis	datura daturae daturae daturam datura	daturae daturarum daturis daturas daturis	daturum daturi daturo daturum daturo	datura daturorum daturis datura daturis

An example of the use of "daturus":

m. nom. sing.: the land the Lord is going to give you (daturus, Ex 12.25)

Rarely, the future active participle is used as an attributive adjective. For example:

m. acc. sing.: I swore me going to give them a land. (daturum, Jer 11.5)

"me" is an object of the verb "swore." "going to give" is an adjective modifying "me." This is a literal translation. It can be translated into English more naturally as follows:

I swore that I would give them a land.

Another example of "daturus" as an attributive adjective:

m. acc. pl.: We, in common, have swore all (= us all) not going to give our daughters. (daturos, Jdg 21.7)

"all" is an object of the verb "swore." "(not) going to give" is an adjective modifying "all." A more natural translation can be as follows:

We all, in common, have sworn that we are not going to give our daughter.

21.3.1.2. Future Active Participle of 2nd Conjugation Verb

Take, for example, a participle from 2nd conjugation verb:

habeo, habēre, habui, habitum v. I have
habit (supine stem) + ur + 1st/2nd declension adjective endings
habiturus, habitura, habiturum part. going/about to have

“habiturus” declines as follows:

	habiturus, habitura, habiturum
	m.		f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	habiturus habituri habituro habiturum habituro habiture	habituri habiturorum habituris habituros habituris	habitura habiturae habiturae habituram habitura	habiturae habiturarum habituris habituras habituris	habiturum habituri habituro habiturum habituro	habitura habiturorum habituris habitura habituris

An example of the use of “habiturus”:

m. nom. sing.: I, soon going to have an heir after me, cursed all my effort by which I labored have labored under the sun, whom (= heir) I know know. (habiturus, Ecl 2.18)

21.3.1.3. Future Active Participle of 3rd Conjugation Verb

Take, for example, a participle from 3rd conjugation verb:

trado, tradere, tradidi, traditum v. I hand over
tradit (supine stem) + ur + 1st/2nd declension adjective endings
traditurus, traditura, traditurum part. going/about to hand over

"traditurus" declines as follows:

	traditurus, traditura, traditurum
	m.		f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	traditurus tradituri tradituro traditurum tradituro traditure	tradituri traditurorum tradituris tradituros tradituris	traditura traditurae traditurae tradituram traditura	traditurae traditurarum tradituris tradituras tradituris	traditurum tradituri tradituro traditurum tradituro	traditura traditurorum tradituris traditura tradituris

Examples of the use of "traditurus":

m. nom. sing.: One of you is going to hand me over. (traditurus est, 26.21)
m. acc. sing.: all the land that He had sworn Himself going to hand over to (traditurum, Jos 21.41)

21.3.1.4. Future Active Participle of 3rd-io Conjugation Verb

Take, for example, a participle from 3rd-io conjugation verb:

inspicio, inspicere, inspexi, inspectum v. I inspect
inspect (supine stem) + ur + 1st/2nd declension adjective endings
inspecturus, inspectura, inspecturum part. going/about to inspect

“inspecturus” declines as follows:

	inspecturus, inspectura, inspecturum
	m.		f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	inspecturus inspecturi inspecturo inspecturum inspecturo inspecture	inspecturi inspecturorum inspecturis inspecturos inspecturis	inspectura inspecturae inspecturae inspecturam inspectura	inspecturae inspecturarum inspecturis inspecturas inspecturis	inspecturum inspecturi inspecturo inspecturum inspecturo	inspectura inspecturorum inspecturis inspectura inspecturis

21.3.1.5. Future Active Participle of 4th Conjugation Verb

Take, for example, a participle from 4th conjugation verb:

venio, venire, veni, ventum v. I come
vent (supine stem) + ur + 1st/2nd declension adjective endings
venturus, ventura, venturum part. going/about to come

“venturus” declines as follows:

	venturus, ventura, venturum
	m.		f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	venturus venturi venturo venturum venturo venture	venturi venturorum venturis venturos venturis	ventura venturae venturae venturam ventura	venturae venturarum venturis venturas venturis	venturum venturi venturo venturum venturo	ventura venturorum venturis ventura venturis

Examples of the use of “venturus”:

neut. nom. sing.: the age about to come (venturi, Heb 6.5)

21.3.2. Future Passive Participle

Future passive participle can be translated into English as:

going/about to be + perfect participle

Future participles (both active and passive) are 1st/2nd declension adjectives.

Unlike the future active participle, future passive participle is based on the present stem.

The future passive participle of a 1st/2nd/3rd conjugation verb is formed in the following way:

present stem + nd + 1st/2nd declension adjective endings

The declensions of the participles of a 3rd-io/4th conjugation verbs are based on the modified stem ending. When the participles are formed, the ending vowel of the present stem changes as follows:

participle from 3rd-io conjugation verb: e → ie/iu
participle from 4th conjugation verb: i → ie/iu

The ending vowel of the present stem changes in two ways (“ie” and “iu”), which means that there are two future passive forms for the participle from 3ird-io and 4th conjugations.

21.3.2.1. Future Passive Participle of 1st Conjugation Verb

Take, for example, a participle from 1st conjugation verb:

congrego, congregare, congregavi, congregatum v. I congregate, I gather
congrega (present stem) + nd + 1st/2nd declension adjective endings
congregandus, congreganda, congregandum part. going/about to be congregated/gathered

"congregandus" declines as follows:

	congregandus, congreganda, congregandum
	m.		f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	congregandus congregandi congregando congregandum congregando congregande	congregandi congregandorum congregandis congregandos congregandis	congreganda congregandae congregandae congregandam congreganda	congregandae congregandarum congregandis congregandas congregandis	congregandum congregandi congregando congregandum congregando	congreganda congregandorum congregandis congreganda congregandis

Examples of the use of "congregandus":

m. nom. sing.: The people are going to be gathered. (congregandus est, Nm 10.7)
m. acc. pl.: The king Nebuchadnezzar sent for the purpose of governors going to be gathered. (congregandos, Dn 3.2)

21.3.2.2. Future Passive Participle of 2nd Conjugation Verb

Take, for example, a participle from 2nd conjugation verb:

moveo, movēre, movi, motum v. I move
movē (present stem) + nd + 1st/2nd declension adjective endings
movēndus, movēnda, movēndum part. going/about to be moved

"movēndus" declines as follows:

	movēndus, movēnda, movēndum
	m.		f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	movendus movendi movendo movendum movendo movende	movendi movendorum movendis movendos movendis	movenda movendae movendae movendam movenda	movendae movendarum movendis movendas movendis	movendum movendi movendo movendum movendo	movenda movendorum movendis movenda movendis

An example of the use of "movendus":

neut. nom. pl.: The camps are going to be moved. (movenda sunt, Nm 4.5)

21.3.2.3. Future Passive Participle of 3rd Conjugation Verb

Take, for example, a participle from 3rd conjugation verb:

accerso, accersere, accersivi, accersitum v. I summon
accerse (present stem) + nd + 1st/2nd declension adjective endings
accersendus, accersenda, accersendum part. going/about to be summoned

“accersendus” declines as follows:

	accersendus, accersenda, accersendum
	m.		f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	accersendus accersendi accersendo accersendum accersendo accersende	accersendi accersendorum accersendis accersendos accersendis	accersenda accersendae accersendae accersendam accersenda	accersendae accersendarum accersendis accersendas accersendis	accersendum accersendi accersendo accersendum accersendo	accersenda accersendorum accersendis accersenda accersendis

An example of the use of “accersendus”:

m. acc. sing.: sent for Ahimelech going to be summoned (accersendum, 1 Sm 22.11)

21.3.2.4. Future Passive Participle of 3rd-io Conjugation Verb

The declension of the participle of 3rd-io conjugation verb is based on the modified stem ending. The ending vowel "e" of 3rd-io conjugation verb’s present stem changes to "ie."

Take, for example, a participle from 3rd-io conjugation verb:

facio, facere, feci, factum v. I do, I make
face (present stem) → facie (modified present stem)
facie (modified present stem) + nd + 1st/2nd declension adjective endings
faciendus, facienda, faciendum part. going/about to be done/made

faciundus, faciunda, faciundum part. going/about to be done/made As noted above, the ending vowel “e” of the present stem changes in two ways (“ie” and “iu”).

"faciendus" declines as follows:

	faciendus, facienda, faciendum
	m.		f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	faciendus faciendi faciendo faciendum faciendo faciende	faciendi faciendorum faciendis faciendos faciendis	facienda faciendae faciendae faciendam facienda	faciendae faciendarum faciendis faciendas faciendis	faciendum faciendi faciendo faciendum faciendo	facienda faciendorum faciendis facienda faciendis

"faciundus" declines as follows:

	faciundus, faciunda, faciundum
	m.		f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	faciundus faciundi faciundo faciundum faciundo faciunde	faciundi faciundorum faciundis faciundos faciundis	faciunda faciundae faciundae faciundam faciunda	faciundae faciundarum faciundis faciundas faciundis	faciundum faciundi faciundo faciundum faciundo	faciunda faciundorum faciundis faciunda faciundis

Examples of the use of "faciendus":

neut. nom. sing.: is going to be done (faciendum est, Eccl 1.9)
neut. abl. sing.: Do not extol you in your work going to be done. (faciendo, Sir 10.29)
f. acc. sing.: for the purpose of mercy going to be done (faciendam, Lk 1.72)

Another example:

capio, capere, cepi, captum v. I capture
cape (present stem) → cacie (modified present stem)
cacie (modified present stem) + nd + 1st/2nd declension adjective endings
capiendus, capienda, capiendum part. going/about to be captured

"capiendus" declines as follows:

	capiendus, capienda, capiendum
	m.		f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	capiendus capiendi capiendo capiendum capiendo capiende	capiendi capiendorum capiendis capiendos capiendis	capienda capiendae capiendae capiendam capienda	capiendae capiendarum capiendis capiendas capiendis	capiendum capiendi capiendo capiendum capiendo	capienda capiendorum capiendis capienda capiendis

An example of the use of "capiendus":

f. nom. sing.: The City of Waters are going to be captured. (capienda, 2 Sm 12.27)

21.3.2.3. Future Passive Participle of 4th Conjugation Verb

The declension of the participle of 4th conjugation verb is based on the modified stem ending. The ending vowel “i” of 4th conjugation verb’s present stem changes to “ie.”

Take, for example, a participle from 4th conjugation verb:

exhaurio, exhaurie, exhausi, exhaustum v. I exhaust, I make empty
exhauri (present stem) → exhaurie (modified present stem)
exhaurie (modified present stem) + nd + 1st/2nd declension adjective endings
exhauriendus, exhaurienda, exhauriendum part. going/about to be exhausted/emptied
exhauriundus, exhauriunda, exhauriundum part. going/about to be exhausted/emptied

As noted above, the ending vowel “i” of the present stem changes in two ways (“ie” and “iu”).

"exhauriendus" declines as follows:

	exhauriendus, exhaurienda, exhauriendum
	m.		f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	exhauriendus exhauriendi exhauriendo exhauriendum exhauriendo exhauriende	exhauriendi exhauriendorum exhauriendis exhauriendos exhauriendis	exhaurienda exhauriendae exhauriendae exhauriendam exhaurienda	exhauriendae exhauriendarum exhauriendis exhauriendas exhauriendis	exhauriendum exhauriendi exhauriendo exhauriendum exhauriendo	exhaurienda exhauriendorum exhauriendis exhaurienda exhauriendis

"exhauriundus" declines as follows:

	exhauriundus, exhauriunda, exhauriundum
	m.		f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	exhauriundus exhauriundi exhauriundo exhauriundum exhauriundo exhauriunde	exhauriundi exhauriundorum exhauriundis exhauriundos exhauriundis	exhauriunda exhauriundae exhauriundae exhauriundam exhauriunda	exhauriundae exhauriundarum exhauriundis exhauriundas exhauriundis	exhauriundum exhauriundi exhauriundo exhauriundum exhauriundo	exhauriunda exhauriundorum exhauriundis exhauriunda exhauriundis

An example of the use of "exhauriendus":

neut. acc. pl.: for the sins going to be emptied (exhaurienda, Heb 9.8)

Take another 4th conjugation verb:

servio, servire, servivi/servii, servitum v. I serve
servi (present stem) → servie (modified present stem)
servie (modified present stem) + nd + 1st/2nd declension adjective endings
serviendus, servienda, serviendum part. going/about to be served

"serviendus" declines as follows:

	serviendus, servienda, serviendum
	m.		f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	serviendus serviendi serviendo serviendum serviendo serviende	serviendi serviendorum serviendis serviendos serviendis	servienda serviendae serviendae serviendam servienda	serviendae serviendarum serviendis serviendas serviendis	serviendum serviendi serviendo serviendum serviendo	servienda serviendorum serviendis servienda serviendis

An example of the use of "serviendus":

m. acc. sing.: for God going to be served (serviendum, Heb 9.14)

21.4. Participle: Overview

Review the declension of four different possible participles of the following verbs:

1st conjugation: observo, observare, observavi, observatum v. I observe 2nd conjugation: suadeo, suadere, suasi, suasum v. I persuade/recommend
3rd conjugation: redimo, redimere, redemi, redemptum v. I redeem
3rd-io conjugation: deficio, deficere, defeci, defectum v. I lack/withdraw/forsake
4th conjugation: obedio, obedire, obedivi, obeditum v. I obey

participles of 1st conjugation verb
observo, observare, observavi, observatum v. I observe
	g.	m./f.				neut.
	case	sing.		pl.		sing.	pl.
pre. act. part.	nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	observans observantis observanti observantem observante/observanti		observantes observantium observantibus observantes observantibus		observans observantis observanti observans observante/observanti	observantia observantium observantibus observantia observantibus
	g.	m.		f.		neut.
	case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
per. pa. part.	nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	observaturus observaturi observaturo observaturum observaturo observature	observaturi observaturorum observaturis observaturos observaturis	observatura observaturae observaturae observaturam observatura	observaturae observaturarum observaturis observaturas observaturis	observaturum observaturi observaturo observaturum observaturo	observatura observaturorum observaturis observatura observaturis
fu. act. part.	nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	observatus observati observato observatum observato observate	observati observatorum observatis observatos observatis	observata observatae observatae observatam observata	observatae observatarum observatis observatas observatis	observatum observati observato observatum observato	observata observatorum observatis observata observatis
fu. pa. part.	nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	observandus observandi observando observandum observando observande	observandi observandorum observandis observandos observandis	observanda observandae observandae observandam observanda	observandae observandarum observandis observandas observandis	oobservandum observandi observando observandum observando	observanda observandorum observandis observanda observandis

participles of 2nd conjugation verb
suadeo, suadere, suasi, suasum v. I persuade/recommend
	g.	m./f.				neut.
	case	sing.		pl.		sing.	pl.
pre. act. part.	nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	suadens suadentis suadenti suadentem suadente/suadenti		suadentes suadentium suadentibus suadentes suadentibus		suadens suadentis suadenti suadens suadente/suadenti	suadentia suadentium suadentibus suadentia suadentibus
	g.	m.		f.		neut.
	case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
per. pa. part.	nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	suasus suasi suaso suasum suaso suase	suasi suasorum suasis suasos suasis	suasa suasae suasae suasam suasa	suasae suasarum suasis suasas suasis	suasum suasi suaso suasum suaso	suasa suasorum suasis suasa suasis
fu. act. part.	nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	suasurus suasuri suasuro suasurum suasuro suasure	suasuri suasurorum suasuris suasuros suasuris	suasura suasurae suasurae suasuram suasura	suasurae suasurarum suasuris suasuras suasuris	suasurum suasuri suasuro suasurum suasuro	suasura suasurorum suasuris suasura suasuris
fu. pa. part.	nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	suadendus suadendi suadendo suadendum suadendo suadende	suadendi suadendorum suadendis suadendos suadendis	suadenda suadendae suadendae suadendam suadenda	suadendae suadendarum suadendis suadendas suadendis	suadendum suadendi suadendo suadendum suadendo	suadenda suadendorum suadendis suadenda suadendis

participles of 3rd conjugation verb
redimo, redimere, redemi, redemptum v. I redeem
	g.	m./f.				neut.
	case	sing.		pl.		sing.	pl.
pre. act. part.	nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	sredimens redimentis redimenti redimentem redimente/redimenti		redimentes redimentium redimentibus redimentes redimentibus		redimens redimentis redimenti redimens redimente/redimenti	redimentia redimentium redimentibus redimentia redimentibus
	g.	m.		f.		neut.
	case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
per. pa. part.	nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	redemptus redempti redempto redemptum redempto redempte	redempti redemptorum redemptis redemptos redemptis	redempta redemptae redemptae redemptam redempta	redemptae redemptarum redemptis redemptas redemptis	redemptum redempti redempto redemptum redempto	redempta redemptorum redemptis redempta redemptis
fu. act. part.	nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	redempturus redempturi redempturo redempturum redempturo redempture	redempturi redempturorum redempturis redempturos redempturis	redemptura redempturae redempturae redempturam redemptura	redempturae redempturarum redempturis redempturas redempturis	redempturum redempturi redempturo redempturum redempturo	redemptura redempturorum redempturis redemptura redempturis
fu. pa. part.	nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	redimendus redimendi redimendo redimendum redimendo redimende	redimendi redimendorum redimendis redimendos redimendis	redimenda redimendae redimendae redimendam redimenda	redimendae redimendarum redimendis redimendas redimendis	redimendum redimendi redimendo redimendum redimendo	redimenda redimendorum redimendis redimenda redimendis

participles of 3rd-io conjugation verb
deficio, deficere, defeci, defectum v. I lack/withdraw/forsake
	g.	m./f.				neut.
	case	sing.		pl.		sing.	pl.
pre. act. part.	nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	deficiens deficientis deficienti deficientem deficiente/deficienti		deficientes deficientium deficientibus deficientes deficientibus		deficiens deficientis deficienti deficiens deficiente/deficienti	deficientia deficientium deficientibus deficientia deficientibus
	g.	m.		f.		neut.
	case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
per. pa. part.	nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	defectus defecti defecto defectum defecto defecte	defecti defectorum defectis defectos defectis	defecta defectae defectae defectam defecta	defectae defectarum defectis defectas defectis	defectum defecti defecto defectum defecto	defecta defectorum defectis defecta defectis
fu. act. part.	nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	defecturus defecturi defecturo defecturum defecturo defecture	defecturi defecturorum defecturis defecturos defecturis	defectura defecturae defecturae defecturam defectura	defecturae defecturarum defecturis defecturas defecturis	defecturum defecturi defecturo defecturum defecturo	defectura defecturorum defecturis defectura defecturis
fu. pa. part.	nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	deficiendus deficiendi deficiendo deficiendum deficiendo deficiende	deficiendi deficiendorum deficiendis deficiendos deficiendis	deficienda deficiendae deficiendae deficiendam deficienda	deficiendae deficiendarum deficiendis deficiendas deficiendis	deficiendum deficiendi deficiendo deficiendum deficiendo	deficienda deficiendorum deficiendis deficienda deficiendis
fu. pa. part.	nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	deficiundus deficiundi deficiundo deficiundum deficiundo deficiunde	deficiundi deficiundorum deficiundis deficiundos deficiundis	deficiunda deficiundae deficiundae deficiundam deficiunda	deficiundae deficiundarum deficiundis deficiundas deficiundis	deficiundum deficiundi deficiundo deficiundum deficiundo	deficiunda deficiundorum deficiundis deficiunda deficiundis

participles of 4th conjugation verb
obedio, obedire, obedivi, obeditum v. I obey
	g.	m./f.				neut.
	case	sing.		pl.		sing.	pl.
pre. act. part.	nom. gen. dat. acc. abl.	obediens obedientis obedienti obedientem obediente/obedienti		obedientes obedientium obedientibus obedientes obedientibus		obediens obedientis obedienti obediens obediente/obedienti	obedientia obedientium obedientibus obedientia obedientibus
	g.	m.		f.		neut.
	case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
per. pa. part.	nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	obeditus obediti obedito obeditum obedito obedite	obediti obeditorum obeditis obeditos obeditis	obedita obeditae obeditae obeditam obedita	obeditae obeditarum obeditis obeditas obeditis	obeditum obediti obedito obeditum obedito	obedita obeditorum obeditis obedita obeditis
fu. act. part.	nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	obediturus obedituri obedituro obediturum obedituro obediture	obedituri obediturorum obedituris obedituros obedituris	obeditura obediturae obediturae obedituram obeditura	obediturae obediturarum obedituris obedituras obedituris	obediturum obedituri obedituro obediturum obedituro	obeditura obediturorum obedituris obeditura obedituris
fu. pa. part.	nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	obediendus obediendi obediendo obediendum obediendo obediende	obediendi obediendorum obediendis obediendos obediendis	obedienda obediendae obediendae obediendam obedienda	obediendae obediendarum obediendis obediendas obediendis	obediendum obediendi obediendo obediendum obediendo	obedienda obediendorum obediendis obedienda obediendis
fu. pa. part.	nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	obediendus obediendi obediendo obediendum obediendo obediende	obediendi obediendorum obediendis obediendos obediendis	obedienda obediendae obediendae obediendam obedienda	obediendae obediendarum obediendis obediendas obediendis	obediendum obediendi obediendo obediendum obediendo	obedienda obediendorum obediendis obedienda obediendis

22. Verb: Passive Indicative II

The passive indicative of a verb in all conjugation types is expressed by a compound verb in the following way:

perfect passive participle + sum (indicative)

Recall that perfect passive participle is based on the supine stem which can be identified in the following way:

supine (fourth principal part) = supine stem + um (ending)

And also recall that the perfect passive participle declines like 1st/2nd declension adjectives, using the following endings:

	perfect passive participle
	m.		f.		neut.
case	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. voc.	us i o um o e	i orum is os is	a ae ae am a	ae arum is as is	um i o um o	a orum is a is

Review the conjugation of "sum" in the indicative:

sum, esse, fui, futurus v. I am

Irregular
sum, esse, fui, futurus
indicative
vo.	te.	p.	sing.	pl.
act.	pre.	1	sum	sumus
		2	es	esitis
		3	est	sunt
	imp.	1	eram	eramus
		2	eras	eratis
		3	erat	erant
	fu.	1	ero	erimus
		2	eris	eritis
		3	erit	erunt
	per.	1	fui	fuimus
		2	fuisti	fuistis
		3	fuit	fuerunt
	plu.	1	fueram	fueramus
		2	fueras	fueratis
		3	fuerat	fuerant
	fu. per.	1	fuero	fuerimus
		2	fueris	fueritis
		3	fuerit	fuerint

The participle, which forms a compound verb with "sum," functions as an adjective modifying the subject. So it agrees with the subject in gender/case/number.

22.1. Perfect Passive Indicative

Perfect passive indicative of all types of conjugation is expressed in the following way:

perfect passive participle + sum (present indicative)

An example of 1st conjugation in the perfect passive indicative:

amo, amare, amavi, amatum v. I love
mon. sing. per. pa. part.: amatus, amata, amatum

1st conjugation
amo, amare, amavi, amatum
indicative
te.	vo.	p.	sing.	pl.
pre.	act.	1	amo (I love/am loving)	amamus (we love/are loving)
		2	amas (you love/are loving)	amatis (you love/are loving)
		3	amat (he/she/it loves/is loving)	amant (they love/are loving)
	pa.	1	amor (I am loved/being loved)	amamur (we are loved/being loved)
		2	amaris/amare (you are loved/being loved)	amamini (you are loved/being loved)
		3	amatur (he/she/it is loved/being loved)	amantur (they are loved/being loved)
imp.	act.	1	amabam (I was loving)	amabamus (we were loving)
		2	amabas (you were loving)	amabatis (you were loving)
		3	amabat (he/she/it was loving)	amabant (they were loving)
	pa.	1	amabar (I was being loved)	amabamur (we were being loved)
		2	amabaris/amabare (you were being loved	amabamini (you were being loved)
		3	amabatur (he/she/it was being loved)	amabantur (they were being loved)
fu.	act.	1	amabo (I will love/be loving)	amabimus (we will love/be loving)
		2	amabis (you will love/be loving)	amabitis (you will love/be loving)
		3	amabit (he/she/it will love/be loving)	amabunt (they will love/be loving)
	pa.	1	amabor (I will be loved/being loved)	amabimur (we will be loved/being loved)
		2	amaberis/amabere (you will be loved/being loved)	amabimini (you will be loved/being loved)
		3	amabitur (he/she/it will be loved/being loved)	amabimini (you will be loved/being loved)
per.	act.	1	amavi (I loved/have loved)	amavimus (we loved/have loved)
		2	amavisti/amasti (you loved/have loved)	amavistis/amastis (you loved/have loved)
		3	amavit (he/she/it loved/has loved)	amaverunt/amavere (they loved/have loved)
	pa.	1	amatus/amata/amatum sum (I was loved/have been loved))	amati/amatae/amata sumus (we were loved/have been loved)
		2	amatus/amata/amatum es (you were loved/have been loved)	amati/amatae/amata estis (you were loved/have been loved)
		3	amatus/amata/amatum est (he/she/it was loved/has been loved)	amati/amatae/amata sunt (they were loved/have been loved)
plu.	act.	1	amaveram (I had loved)	amaveramus (we had loved)
		2	amaveras (you had loved)	amaveratis (you had loved)
		3	amaverat (he/she/it had loved)	amaverant (they had loved)
fu. per.	act.	1	amavero (I will have loved)	amaverimus (we will have loved)
		2	amaveris (you will have loved)	amaveritis (you will have loved)
		3	amaverit (he/she/it will have loved)	amaverint (they will have loved)

Note that the perfect passive indicative has the meaning of the past, even though it is expressed with the present tense of “sum.” Therefore:

amatum sum (I am loved) (X)
amatum sum (I was loved/have been loved) (O)

Another example of 1st conjugation in the perfect passive indicative:

cogito, cogitare, cogitavi, cogitatum v. I think
mon. sing. per. pa. part.: cogitus, cogita, cogitum

1st conjugation
cogito, cogitare, cogitavi, cogitatum
indicative
te.	vo.	p.	sing.	pl.
pre.	act.	1	cogito	cogitamus
		2	cogitas	cogitatis
		3	cogitat	cogitant
	pa.	1	cogitor	cogitamur
		2	cogitaris/cogitare	cogitamini
		3	cogitatur	cogitantur
imp.	act.	1	cogitabam	cogitabamus
		2	cogitabas	cogitabatis
		3	cogitabat	cogitabant
	pa.	1	cogitabar	cogitabamur
		2	cogitabaris/cogitabare	cogitabamini
		3	cogitabatur	cogitabantur
fu.	act.	1	cogitabo	cogitabimus
		2	cogitabis	cogitabitis
		3	cogitabit	cogitabunt
	pa.	1	cogitabor	cogitabibimur
		2	cogitaberis/cogitabere	cogitabibimini
		3	cogitabitur	cogitabibuntur
per.	act.	1	cogitavi	cogitavimus
		2	cogitavisti/cogitasti	cogitavistis/cogitastis
		3	cogitavit	cogitaverunt/cogitavere
	pa.	1	cogitus/cogita/cogitum sum	cogitus/cogita/cogitum sumus
		2	cogitus/cogita/cogitum es	cogitus/cogita/cogitum estis
		3	cogitus/cogita/cogitum est	cogitus/cogita/cogitum sunt
plu.	act.	1	cogitaveram	cogitaveramus
		2	cogitaveras	cogitaveratis
		3	cogitaverat	cogitaverant
fu. per.	act.	1	cogitavero	cogataverimus
		2	cogataveris	cogataveritis
		3	cogataverit	cogataverint

An example of 2nd conjugation in the perfect passive indicative:

abstineo, abstinēre, abstinui, abstentum v. I abstain
mon. sing. per. pa. part.: abstentus, abstenta, abstentum

2nd conjugation
abstineo, abstinēre, abstinui, abstentum
indicative
te.	vo.	p.	sing.	pl.
pre.	act.	1	abstineo	abstinemus
		2	abstines	abstinetis
		3	abstinet	abstinent
	pa.	1	abstineor	abstinemur
		2	abstineris/abstinere	abstinemini
		3	abstinetur	abstinentur
imp.	act.	1	abstinebam	abstinebamus
		2	abstinebas	abstinebatis
		3	abstinebat	abstinebant
	pa.	1	abstinebar	abstinebamur
		2	abstinebaris/abstinebare	abstinebamini
		3	abstinebatur	abstinebantur
fu.	act.	1	abstinebo	abstinebimus
		2	abstinebis	abstinebitis
		3	abstinebit	abstinebunt
	pa.	1	abstinebor	abstinebimur
		2	abstineberis/abstinebere	abstinebimini
		3	abstinebitur	abstinebuntur
per.	act.	1	abstinui	abstinuimus
		2	abstinuisti	abstinuistis
		3	abstinuit	abstinuerunt/abstinuere
	pa.	1	abstentus/abstenta/abstentum sum	abstentus/abstenta/abstentum sumus
		2	abstentus/abstenta/abstentum es	abstentus/abstenta/abstentum estis
		3	abstentus/abstenta/abstentum est	abstentus/abstenta/abstentum sunt
plu.	act.	1	abstinueram	abstinueramus
		2	abstinueras	abstinueratis
		3	abstinuerat	abstinuerant
fu. per.	act.	1	abstinuero	abstinuerimus
		2	abstinueris	abstinueritis
		3	abstinuerit	abstinuerint

Another example of 2nd conjugation in the perfect passive indicative:

debeo, debēre, debui, debitum v. I have
mon. sing. per. pa. part.: debitus, debita, debitum

2nd conjugation
debeo, debēre, debui, debitum
indicative
te.	vo.	p.	sing.	pl.
pre.	act.	1	debeo	debemus
		2	vdebes	debetis
		3	debet	debent
	pa.	1	debeor	debemur
		2	debris/debere	debemini
		3	debetur	debentur
imp.	act.	1	debebam	debebamus
		2	debebas	debebatis
		3	debebat	debebant
	pa.	1	debebar	debebamur
		2	debebaris/debebaree	debebamini
		3	debebatur	debebantur
fu.	act.	1	debebo	debebimus
		2	debebis	debebitis
		3	debebit	debebunt
	pa.	1	debebor	debebimur
		2	debeberis/debebere	debebimini
		3	debebitur	debebuntur
per.	act.	1	debui	debuimus
		2	debuisti	debuistis
		3	debuit	debuerunt/debuere
	pa.	1	debitus/debita/debitum sum	debitus/debita/debitum sumus
		2	debitus/debita/debitum es	debitus/debita/debitum estis
		3	debitus/debita/debitum est	debitus/debita/debitum sunt
plu.	act.	1	debueram	debueramus
		2	debueras	debueratis
		3	debuerat	debuerant
fu. per.	act.	1	debuero	debuerimus
		2	debueris	debueritis
		3	debuerit	debuerint

An example of 3rd conjugation in the perfect passive indicative:

credo, credere, credidi, creditum v. I believe
mon. sing. per. pa. part.: creditus, credita, creditum

3rd conjugation
credo, credere, credidi, creditum
indicative
te.	vo.	p.	sing.	pl.
pre.	act.	1	credo	credimus
		2	credis	creditis
		3	credit	credunt
	pa.	1	credor	credimur
		2	crederis/credere	credimini
		3	creditur	creduntur
imp.	act.	1	credebam	credebamus
		2	credebas	credebatis
		3	credebat	credebant
	pa.	1	credebar	credebamur
		2	credebaris/credebare	credebamini
		3	credebatur	credebantur
fu.	act.	1	credam	credemus
		2	credes	credetis
		3	credet	credent
	pa.	1	credar	credemur
		2	crederis/credere	credemini
		3	credetur	credentur
per.	act.	1	credidi	credidimus
		2	credidisti	credidistis
		3	credidit	crediderunt/credidere
	pa.	1	creditus/credita/creditum sum	creditus/credita/creditum sumus
		2	creditus/credita/creditum es	creditus/credita/creditum estis
		3	creditus/credita/creditum est	creditus/credita/creditum sunt
plu.	act.	1	credideram	credideramus
		2	credideratis	debueratis
		3	crediderat	crediderant
fu. per.	act.	1	credidero	crediderimus
		2	credideris	credideritis
		3	crediderit	crediderint

Another example of 3rd conjugation in the perfect passive indicative:

desero, deserere, deserui, desertum v. I desert, I abandon
mon. sing. per. pa. part.: desertus, deserta, desertum

3rd conjugation
desero, deserere, deserui, desertum
indicative
te.	vo.	p.	sing.	pl.
pre.	act.	1	desero	deserimus
		2	deseritis	deseritis
		3	deserit	deserunt
	pa.	1	deseror	deserimur
		2	desereris/deserere	deserimini
		3	deseritur	deseruntur
imp.	act.	1	deserebam	deserebamus
		2	deserebas	deserebatis
		3	deserebat	deserebant
	pa.	1	deserebar	deserebamur
		2	deserebaris/deserebare	deserebamini
		3	deserebatur	deserebantur
fu.	act.	1	deseram	deseremus
		2	deseres	deseretis
		3	deseret	deserent
	pa.	1	deserar	deseremur
		2	desereris/deserere	deseremini
		3	deseretur	deserentur
per.	act.	1	deserui	deseruimus
		2	deseruisti	deseruistis
		3	deseruit	deseruerunt/deseruere
	pa.	1	desertus/deserta/desertum sum	desertus/deserta/desertum sumus
		2	desertus/deserta/desertum es	desertus/deserta/desertum estis
		3	desertus/deserta/desertum est	desertus/deserta/desertum sunt
plu.	act.	1	deserueram	deserueramus
		2	deserueras	deserueratis
		3	deseruerat	deseruerant
fu. per.	act.	1	deseruero	deseruerimus
		2	deserueris	deserueritis
		3	deseruerit	deseruerint

An example of 3rd-io conjugation in the perfect passive indicative:

capio, capere, cepi, captum v. I capture
mon. sing. per. pa. part.: captus, capta, captum

3rd-io conjugation
capio, capere, cepi, captum
indicative
te.	vo.	p.	sing.	pl.
pre.	act.	1	capio	capimus
		2	capis	capitis
		3	capt	capiunt
	pa.	1	capior	capimur
		2	caperis/capere	capimini
		3	capitur	capiuntur
imp.	act.	1	capiebam	capiebamus
		2	capiebas	capiebatis
		3	capiebat	capiebant
	pa.	1	capiebar	capiebamur
		2	capiebaris/capiebare	capiebamini
		3	capiebatur	capiebantur
fu.	act.	1	capiam	capiemus
		2	capies	capietis
		3	capiet	capient
	pa.	1	capiar	capiemur
		2	capieris/capiere	capiemini
		3	capietur	capientur
per.	act.	1	cepi	cepimus
		2	cepisti	cepistis
		3	cepit	ceperunt/cepere
	pa.	1	captus/capta/captum sum	captus/capta/captum sumus
		2	captus/capta/captum es	captus/capta/captum estis
		3	captus/capta/captum est	captus/capta/captum sunt
plu.	act.	1	ceperam	ceperamus
		2	ceperas	ceperatis
		3	ceperat	ceperant
fu. per.	act.	1	cepero	ceperimus
		2	ceperis	ceperitis
		3	ceperit	ceperint

Another example of 3rd-io conjugation in the perfect passive indicative:

pario, parere, peperi, partum v. I bear, I give birth to
mon. sing. per. pa. part.: partus, parta, partum

3rd-io conjugation
pario, parere, peperi, partum
indicative
te.	vo.	p.	sing.	pl.
pre.	act.	1	pario	parimus
		2	paris	paritis
		3	parit	pariunt
	pa.	1	parior	parimur
		2	pareris/parere	parimini
		3	paritur	pariuntur
imp.	act.	1	pariebam	pariebamus
		2	pariebas	pariebatis
		3	pariebat	pariebant
	pa.	1	pariebar	pariebamur
		2	pariebaris/pariebare	pariebamini
		3	pariebatur	pariebantur
fu.	act.	1	pariam	pariemus
		2	paries	parietis
		3	pariet	parient
	pa.	1	pariar	pariemur
		2	parieris/pariere	pariemini
		3	parietur	parientur
per.	act.	1	peperi	peperimus
		2	peperisti	peperistis
		3	peperit	pepererunt/peperere
	pa.	1	partus/parta/partum sum	partus/parta/partum sumus
		2	partus/parta/partum es	partus/parta/partum estis
		3	partus/parta/partum est	partus/parta/partum sunt
plu.	act.	1	pepereram	pepereramus
		2	pepereras	pepereratis
		3	pepererat	pepererant
fu. per.	act.	1	peperero	pepererimus
		2	pepereris	pepereritis
		3	pepererit	pepererint

An example of 4th conjugation in the perfect passive indicative:

definio, definire, definivi, definitum v. I define
mon. sing. per. pa. part.: definitus, definita, definitum

4th conjugation
definio, definire, definivi, definitum
indicative
te.	vo.	p.	sing.	pl.
pre.	act.	1	definio	definimus
		2	definis	definitis
		3	definit	definiunt
	pa.	1	definior	definimur
		2	definiris/definire	definimini
		3	definitur	definiuntur
imp.	act.	1	definiebam	definiebamus
		2	definiebas	definiebatis
		3	definiebat	definiebant
	pa.	1	definiebar	definiebamur
		2	definiebaris/definiebare	definiebamini
		3	definiebatur	definiebantur
fu.	act.	1	definiam	definiemus
		2	definies	definietis
		3	definiet	definient
	pa.	1	definiar	definiemur
		2	definieris/definiere	definiemini
		3	definietur	definientur
per.	act.	1	definivi	definivimus
		2	definivisti/definisti	definivistis/definistis
		3	definivit	definiverunt/definivere
	pa.	1	definitus/definita/definitum sum	definitus/definita/definitum sumus
		2	definitus/definita/definitum es	definitus/definita/definitum estis
		3	definitus/definita/definitum est	definitus/definita/definitum sunt
plu.	act.	1	definiveram	definiveramus
		2	definiveras	definiveratis
		3	definiverat	definiverant
fu. per.	act.	1	definivero	definiverimus
		2	definiveris	definiveritis
		3	definiverit	definiverint

Another example of 4th conjugation in the perfect passive indicative:

impedio, impedire, impedivi, impeditum v. I impede
mon. sing. per. pa. part.: impeditus, impedita, impeditum

4th conjugation
impedio, impedire, impedivi, impeditum
indicative
te.	vo.	p.	sing.	pl.
pre.	act.	1	impedio	impedimus
		2	impedis	impeditis
		3	impedit	impediunt
	pa.	1	impedior	impedimur
		2	impediris/impedire	impedimini
		3	impeditur	impediuntur
imp.	act.	1	impediebam	impediebamus
		2	impediebas	impediebatis
		3	impediebat	impediebant
	pa.	1	impediebar	impediebamur
		2	impediebaris/impediebare	impediebamini
		3	impediebatur	impediebantur
fu.	act.	1	imdediam	impediemus
		2	impedies	impedietis
		3	impediet	impedient
	pa.	1	impediar	impediemur
		2	impedieris/impediere	impediemini
		3	impedietur	impedientur
per.	act.	1	impedivi	impedivimus
		2	impedivisti/impedisti	impedivistis/impedistis
		3	impedivit	impediverunt/impedivere
	pa.	1	impeditus/impeita/impeditum sum	impeditus/impeita/impeditum sumus
		2	impeditus/impeita/impeditum es	impeditus/impeita/impeditum estis
		3	impeditus/impeita/impeditum est	impeditus/impeita/impeditum sunt
plu.	act.	1	impediveram	impediveramus
		2	impediveras	impediveratis
		3	impediverat	impediverant
fu. per.	act.	1	impedivero	impediverimus
		2	impediveris	impediveritis
		3	impediverit	impediverint

22.2. Pluperfect Passive Indicative

Pluperfect passive indicative of all types of conjugation is expressed in the following way:

perfect passive participle + sum (imperfect indicative)

An example of 1st conjugation in the pluperfect passive indicative:

amo, amare, amavi, amatum v. I love
mon. sing. per. pa. part.: amatus, amata, amatum

1st conjugation
amo, amare, amavi, amatum
indicative
te.	vo.	p.	sing.	pl.
pre.	act.	1	amo (I love/am loving)	amamus (we love/are loving)
		2	amas (you love/are loving)	amatis (you love/are loving)
		3	amat (he/she/it loves/is loving)	amant (they love/are loving)
	pa.	1	amor (I am loved/being loved)	amamur (we are loved/being loved)
		2	amaris/amare (you are loved/being loved)	amamini (you are loved/being loved)
		3	amatur (he/she/it is loved/being loved)	amantur (they are loved/being loved)
imp.	act.	1	amabam (I was loving)	amabamus (we were loving)
		2	amabas (you were loving)	amabatis (you were loving)
		3	amabat (he/she/it was loving)	amabant (they were loving)
	pa.	1	amabar (I was being loved)	amabamur (we were being loved)
		2	amabaris/amabare (you were being loved	amabamini (you were being loved)
		3	amabatur (he/she/it was being loved)	amabantur (they were being loved)
fu.	act.	1	amabo (I will love/be loving)	amabimus (we will love/be loving)
		2	amabis (you will love/be loving)	amabitis (you will love/be loving)
		3	amabit (he/she/it will love/be loving)	amabunt (they will love/be loving)
	pa.	1	amabor (I will be loved/being loved)	amabimur (we will be loved/being loved)
		2	amaberis/amabere (you will be loved/being loved)	amabimini (you will be loved/being loved)
		3	amabitur (he/she/it will be loved/being loved)	amabimini (you will be loved/being loved)
per.	act.	1	amavi (I loved/have loved)	amavimus (we loved/have loved)
		2	amavisti/amasti (you loved/have loved)	amavistis/amastis (you loved/have loved)
		3	amavit (he/she/it loved/has loved)	amaverunt/amavere (they loved/have loved)
	pa.	1	amatus/amata/amatum sum (I was loved/have been loved))	amati/amatae/amata sumus (we were loved/have been loved)
		2	amatus/amata/amatum es (you were loved/have been loved)	amati/amatae/amata estis (you were loved/have been loved)
		3	amatus/amata/amatum est (he/she/it was loved/has been loved)	amati/amatae/amata sunt (they were loved/have been loved)
plu.	act.	1	amaveram (I had loved)	amaveramus (we had loved)
		2	amaveras (you had loved)	amaveratis (you had loved)
		3	amaverat (he/she/it had loved)	amaverant (they had loved)
	pa.	1	amatus/amata/amatum eram (I had been loved)	amati/amatae/amata eramus (we had been loved)
		2	amatus/amata/amatum eras (you had been loved)	amati/amatae/amata eratis (you had been loved)
		3	amatus/amata/amatum erat (he/she/it had been loved)	amati/amatae/amata erant (they had been loved)
fu. per.	act.	1	amavero (I will have loved)	amaverimus (we will have loved)
		2	amaveris (you will have loved)	amaveritis (you will have loved)
		3	amaverit (he/she/it will have loved)	amaverint (they will have loved)

Another example of 1st conjugation in the pluperfect passive indicative:

cogito, cogitare, cogitavi, cogitatum v. I think
mon. sing. per. pa. part.: cogitus, cogita, cogitum

1st conjugation
cogito, cogitare, cogitavi, cogitatum
indicative
te.	vo.	p.	sing.	pl.
pre.	act.	1	cogito	cogitamus
		2	cogitas	cogitatis
		3	cogitat	cogitant
	pa.	1	cogitor	cogitamur
		2	cogitaris/cogitare	cogitamini
		3	cogitatur	cogitantur
imp.	act.	1	cogitabam	cogitabamus
		2	cogitabas	cogitabatis
		3	cogitabat	cogitabant
	pa.	1	cogitabar	cogitabamur
		2	cogitabaris/cogitabare	cogitabamini
		3	cogitabatur	cogitabantur
fu.	act.	1	cogitabo	cogitabimus
		2	cogitabis	cogitabitis
		3	cogitabit	cogitabunt
	pa.	1	cogitabor	cogitabibimur
		2	cogitaberis/cogitabere	cogitabibimini
		3	cogitabitur	cogitabibuntur
per.	act.	1	cogitavi	cogitavimus
		2	cogitavisti/cogitasti	cogitavistis/cogitastis
		3	cogitavit	cogitaverunt/cogitavere
	pa.	1	cogitus/cogita/cogitum sum	cogitus/cogita/cogitum sumus
		2	cogitus/cogita/cogitum es	cogitus/cogita/cogitum estis
		3	cogitus/cogita/cogitum est	cogitus/cogita/cogitum sunt
plu.	act.	1	cogitaveram	cogitaveramus
		2	cogitaveras	cogitaveratis
		3	cogitaverat	cogitaverant
	pa.	1	cogitus/cogita/cogitum eram	cogitus/cogita/cogitum eramus
		2	cogitus/cogita/cogitum eras	cogitus/cogita/cogitum eratis
		3	cogitus/cogita/cogitum erat	cogitus/cogita/cogitum erant
fu. per.	act.	1	cogitavero	cogataverimus
		2	cogataveris	cogataveritis
		3	cogataverit	cogataverint

An example of 2nd conjugation in the pluperfect passive indicative:

abstineo, abstinēre, abstinui, abstentum v. I abstain
mon. sing. per. pa. part.: abstentus, abstenta, abstentum

2nd conjugation
abstineo, abstinēre, abstinui, abstentum
indicative
te.	vo.	p.	sing.	pl.
pre.	act.	1	abstineo	abstinemus
		2	abstines	abstinetis
		3	abstinet	abstinent
	pa.	1	abstineor	abstinemur
		2	abstineris/abstinere	abstinemini
		3	abstinetur	abstinentur
imp.	act.	1	abstinebam	abstinebamus
		2	abstinebas	abstinebatis
		3	abstinebat	abstinebant
	pa.	1	abstinebar	abstinebamur
		2	abstinebaris/abstinebare	abstinebamini
		3	abstinebatur	abstinebantur
fu.	act.	1	abstinebo	abstinebimus
		2	abstinebis	abstinebitis
		3	abstinebit	abstinebunt
	pa.	1	abstinebor	abstinebimur
		2	abstineberis/abstinebere	abstinebimini
		3	abstinebitur	abstinebuntur
per.	act.	1	abstinui	abstinuimus
		2	abstinuisti	abstinuistis
		3	abstinuit	abstinuerunt/abstinuere
	pa.	1	abstentus/abstenta/abstentum sum	abstentus/abstenta/abstentum sumus
		2	abstentus/abstenta/abstentum es	abstentus/abstenta/abstentum estis
		3	abstentus/abstenta/abstentum est	abstentus/abstenta/abstentum sunt
plu.	act.	1	abstinueram	abstinueramus
		2	abstinueras	abstinueratis
		3	abstinuerat	abstinuerant
	pa.	1	abstentus/abstenta/abstentum eram	abstentus/abstenta/abstentum eramus
		2	abstentus/abstenta/abstentum eras	abstentus/abstenta/abstentum eratis
		3	abstentus/abstenta/abstentum erat	abstentus/abstenta/abstentum erant
fu. per.	act.	1	abstinuero	abstinuerimus
		2	abstinueris	abstinueritis
		3	abstinuerit	abstinuerint

Another example of 2nd conjugation in the pluperfect passive indicative:

debeo, debēre, debui, debitum v. I have
mon. sing. per. pa. part.: debitus, debita, debitum

2nd conjugation
debeo, debēre, debui, debitum
indicative
te.	vo.	p.	sing.	pl.
pre.	act.	1	debeo	debemus
		2	vdebes	debetis
		3	debet	debent
	pa.	1	debeor	debemur
		2	debris/debere	debemini
		3	debetur	debentur
imp.	act.	1	debebam	debebamus
		2	debebas	debebatis
		3	debebat	debebant
	pa.	1	debebar	debebamur
		2	debebaris/debebaree	debebamini
		3	debebatur	debebantur
fu.	act.	1	debebo	debebimus
		2	debebis	debebitis
		3	debebit	debebunt
	pa.	1	debebor	debebimur
		2	debeberis/debebere	debebimini
		3	debebitur	debebuntur
per.	act.	1	debui	debuimus
		2	debuisti	debuistis
		3	debuit	debuerunt/debuere
	pa.	1	debitus/debita/debitum sum	debitus/debita/debitum sumus
		2	debitus/debita/debitum es	debitus/debita/debitum estis
		3	debitus/debita/debitum est	debitus/debita/debitum sunt
plu.	act.	1	debueram	debueramus
		2	debueras	debueratis
		3	debuerat	debuerant
	pa.	1	debitus/debita/debitum eram	debitus/debita/debitum eramus
		2	debitus/debita/debitum eras	debitus/debita/debitum eratis
		3	debitus/debita/debitum erat	debitus/debita/debitum erant
fu. per.	act.	1	debuero	debuerimus
		2	debueris	debueritis
		3	debuerit	debuerint

An example of 3rd conjugation in the pluperfect passive indicative:

credo, credere, credidi, creditum v. I believe
mon. sing. per. pa. part.: creditus, credita, creditum

3rd conjugation
credo, credere, credidi, creditum
indicative
te.	vo.	p.	sing.	pl.
pre.	act.	1	credo	credimus
		2	credis	creditis
		3	credit	credunt
	pa.	1	credor	credimur
		2	crederis/credere	credimini
		3	creditur	creduntur
imp.	act.	1	credebam	credebamus
		2	credebas	credebatis
		3	credebat	credebant
	pa.	1	credebar	credebamur
		2	credebaris/credebare	credebamini
		3	credebatur	credebantur
fu.	act.	1	credam	credemus
		2	credes	credetis
		3	credet	credent
	pa.	1	credar	credemur
		2	crederis/credere	credemini
		3	credetur	credentur
per.	act.	1	credidi	credidimus
		2	credidisti	credidistis
		3	credidit	crediderunt/credidere
	pa.	1	creditus/credita/creditum sum	creditus/credita/creditum sumus
		2	creditus/credita/creditum es	creditus/credita/creditum estis
		3	creditus/credita/creditum est	creditus/credita/creditum sunt
plu.	act.	1	credideram	credideramus
		2	credideratis	debueratis
		3	crediderat	crediderant
	pa.	1	creditus/credita/creditum eram	creditus/credita/creditum eramus
		2	creditus/credita/creditum eras	creditus/credita/creditum eratis
		3	creditus/credita/creditum erat	creditus/credita/creditum erant
fu. per.	act.	1	credidero	crediderimus
		2	credideris	credideritis
		3	crediderit	crediderint

Another example of 3rd conjugation in the pluperfect passive indicative:

desero, deserere, deserui, desertum v. I desert, I abandon
mon. sing. per. pa. part.: desertus, deserta, desertum

3rd conjugation
desero, deserere, deserui, desertum
indicative
te.	vo.	p.	sing.	pl.
pre.	act.	1	desero	deserimus
		2	deseritis	deseritis
		3	deserit	deserunt
	pa.	1	deseror	deserimur
		2	desereris/deserere	deserimini
		3	deseritur	deseruntur
imp.	act.	1	deserebam	deserebamus
		2	deserebas	deserebatis
		3	deserebat	deserebant
	pa.	1	deserebar	deserebamur
		2	deserebaris/deserebare	deserebamini
		3	deserebatur	deserebantur
fu.	act.	1	deseram	deseremus
		2	deseres	deseretis
		3	deseret	deserent
	pa.	1	deserar	deseremur
		2	desereris/deserere	deseremini
		3	deseretur	deserentur
per.	act.	1	deserui	deseruimus
		2	deseruisti	deseruistis
		3	deseruit	deseruerunt/deseruere
	pa.	1	desertus/deserta/desertum sum	desertus/deserta/desertum sumus
		2	desertus/deserta/desertum es	desertus/deserta/desertum estis
		3	desertus/deserta/desertum est	desertus/deserta/desertum sunt
plu.	act.	1	deserueram	deserueramus
		2	deserueras	deserueratis
		3	deseruerat	deseruerant
	pa.	1	desertus/deserta/desertum eram	desertus/deserta/desertum eramus
		2	desertus/deserta/desertum eras	desertus/deserta/desertum eratis
		3	desertus/deserta/desertum erat	desertus/deserta/desertum erant
fu. per.	act.	1	deseruero	deseruerimus
		2	deserueris	deserueritis
		3	deseruerit	deseruerint

An example of 3rd-io conjugation in the pluperfect passive indicative:

capio, capere, cepi, captum v. I capture
mon. sing. per. pa. part.: captus, capta, captum

3rd-io conjugation
capio, capere, cepi, captum
indicative
te.	vo.	p.	sing.	pl.
pre.	act.	1	capio	capimus
		2	capis	capitis
		3	capt	capiunt
	pa.	1	capior	capimur
		2	caperis/capere	capimini
		3	capitur	capiuntur
imp.	act.	1	capiebam	capiebamus
		2	capiebas	capiebatis
		3	capiebat	capiebant
	pa.	1	capiebar	capiebamur
		2	capiebaris/capiebare	capiebamini
		3	capiebatur	capiebantur
fu.	act.	1	capiam	capiemus
		2	capies	capietis
		3	capiet	capient
	pa.	1	capiar	capiemur
		2	capieris/capiere	capiemini
		3	capietur	capientur
per.	act.	1	cepi	cepimus
		2	cepisti	cepistis
		3	cepit	ceperunt/cepere
	pa.	1	captus/capta/captum sum	captus/capta/captum sumus
		2	captus/capta/captum es	captus/capta/captum estis
		3	captus/capta/captum est	captus/capta/captum sunt
plu.	act.	1	ceperam	ceperamus
		2	ceperas	ceperatis
		3	ceperat	ceperant
	pa.	1	captus/capta/captum eram	captus/capta/captum eramus
		2	captus/capta/captum eras	captus/capta/captum eratis
		3	captus/capta/captum erat	captus/capta/captum erant
fu. per.	act.	1	cepero	ceperimus
		2	ceperis	ceperitis
		3	ceperit	ceperint

Another example of 3rd-io conjugation in the pluperfect passive indicative:

pario, parere, peperi, partum v. I bear, I give birth to
mon. sing. per. pa. part.: partus, parta, partum

3rd-io conjugation
pario, parere, peperi, partum
indicative
te.	vo.	p.	sing.	pl.
pre.	act.	1	pario	parimus
		2	paris	paritis
		3	parit	pariunt
	pa.	1	parior	parimur
		2	pareris/parere	parimini
		3	paritur	pariuntur
imp.	act.	1	pariebam	pariebamus
		2	pariebas	pariebatis
		3	pariebat	pariebant
	pa.	1	pariebar	pariebamur
		2	pariebaris/pariebare	pariebamini
		3	pariebatur	pariebantur
fu.	act.	1	pariam	pariemus
		2	paries	parietis
		3	pariet	parient
	pa.	1	pariar	pariemur
		2	parieris/pariere	pariemini
		3	parietur	parientur
per.	act.	1	peperi	peperimus
		2	peperisti	peperistis
		3	peperit	pepererunt/peperere
	pa.	1	partus/parta/partum sum	partus/parta/partum sumus
		2	partus/parta/partum es	partus/parta/partum estis
		3	partus/parta/partum est	partus/parta/partum sunt
plu.	act.	1	pepereram	pepereramus
		2	pepereras	pepereratis
		3	pepererat	pepererant
	pa.	1	partus/parta/partum eram	partus/parta/partum eramus
		2	partus/parta/partum eras	partus/parta/partum eratis
		3	partus/parta/partum erat	partus/parta/partum erant
fu. per.	act.	1	peperero	pepererimus
		2	pepereris	pepereritis
		3	pepererit	pepererint

An example of 4th conjugation in the pluperfect passive indicative:

definio, definire, definivi, definitum v. I define
mon. sing. per. pa. part.: definitus, definita, definitum

4th conjugation
definio, definire, definivi, definitum
indicative
te.	vo.	p.	sing.	pl.
pre.	act.	1	definio	definimus
		2	definis	definitis
		3	definit	definiunt
	pa.	1	definior	definimur
		2	definiris/definire	definimini
		3	definitur	definiuntur
imp.	act.	1	definiebam	definiebamus
		2	definiebas	definiebatis
		3	definiebat	definiebant
	pa.	1	definiebar	definiebamur
		2	definiebaris/definiebare	definiebamini
		3	definiebatur	definiebantur
fu.	act.	1	definiam	definiemus
		2	definies	definietis
		3	definiet	definient
	pa.	1	definiar	definiemur
		2	definieris/definiere	definiemini
		3	definietur	definientur
per.	act.	1	definivi	definivimus
		2	definivisti/definisti	definivistis/definistis
		3	definivit	definiverunt/definivere
	pa.	1	definitus/definita/definitum sum	definitus/definita/definitum sumus
		2	definitus/definita/definitum es	definitus/definita/definitum estis
		3	definitus/definita/definitum est	definitus/definita/definitum sunt
plu.	act.	1	definiveram	definiveramus
		2	definiveras	definiveratis
		3	definiverat	definiverant
	pa.	1	definitus/definita/definitum eram	definitus/definita/definitum eramus
		2	definitus/definita/definitum eras	definitus/definita/definitum eratis
		3	definitus/definita/definitum erat	definitus/definita/definitum erant
fu. per.	act.	1	definivero	definiverimus
		2	definiveris	definiveritis
		3	definiverit	definiverint

Another example of 4th conjugation in the pluperfect passive indicative:

impedio, impedire, impedivi, impeditum v. I impede
mon. sing. per. pa. part.: impeditus, impedita, impeditum

4th conjugation
impedio, impedire, impedivi, impeditum
indicative
te.	vo.	p.	sing.	pl.
pre.	act.	1	impedio	impedimus
		2	impedis	impeditis
		3	impedit	impediunt
	pa.	1	impedior	impedimur
		2	impediris/impedire	impedimini
		3	impeditur	impediuntur
imp.	act.	1	impediebam	impediebamus
		2	impediebas	impediebatis
		3	impediebat	impediebant
	pa.	1	impediebar	impediebamur
		2	impediebaris/impediebare	impediebamini
		3	impediebatur	impediebantur
fu.	act.	1	imdediam	impediemus
		2	impedies	impedietis
		3	impediet	impedient
	pa.	1	impediar	impediemur
		2	impedieris/impediere	impediemini
		3	impedietur	impedientur
per.	act.	1	impedivi	impedivimus
		2	impedivisti/impedisti	impedivistis/impedistis
		3	impedivit	impediverunt/impedivere
	pa.	1	impeditus/impeita/impeditum sum	impeditus/impeita/impeditum sumus
		2	impeditus/impeita/impeditum es	impeditus/impeita/impeditum estis
		3	impeditus/impeita/impeditum est	impeditus/impeita/impeditum sunt
plu.	act.	1	impediveram	impediveramus
		2	impediveras	impediveratis
		3	impediverat	impediverant
	pa.	1	impeditus/impeita/impeditum eram	impeditus/impeita/impeditum eramus
		2	impeditus/impeita/impeditum eras	impeditus/impeita/impeditum eratis
		3	impeditus/impeita/impeditum erat	impeditus/impeita/impeditum erant
fu. per.	act.	1	impedivero	impediverimus
		2	impediveris	impediveritis
		3	impediverit	impediverint

22.3. Future Perfect Passive Indicative

Future perfect passive indicative of all types of conjugation is expressed in the following way:

perfect passive participle + sum (future indicative)

An example of 1st conjugation in the future perfect passive indicative:

amo, amare, amavi, amatum v. I love
mon. sing. per. pa. part.: amatus, amata, amatum

1st conjugation
amo, amare, amavi, amatum
indicative
te.	vo.	p.	sing.	pl.
pre.	act.	1	amo (I love/am loving)	amamus (we love/are loving)
		2	amas (you love/are loving)	amatis (you love/are loving)
		3	amat (he/she/it loves/is loving)	amant (they love/are loving)
	pa.	1	amor (I am loved/being loved)	amamur (we are loved/being loved)
		2	amaris/amare (you are loved/being loved)	amamini (you are loved/being loved)
		3	amatur (he/she/it is loved/being loved)	amantur (they are loved/being loved)
imp.	act.	1	amabam (I was loving)	amabamus (we were loving)
		2	amabas (you were loving)	amabatis (you were loving)
		3	amabat (he/she/it was loving)	amabant (they were loving)
	pa.	1	amabar (I was being loved)	amabamur (we were being loved)
		2	amabaris/amabare (you were being loved	amabamini (you were being loved)
		3	amabatur (he/she/it was being loved)	amabantur (they were being loved)
fu.	act.	1	amabo (I will love/be loving)	amabimus (we will love/be loving)
		2	amabis (you will love/be loving)	amabitis (you will love/be loving)
		3	amabit (he/she/it will love/be loving)	amabunt (they will love/be loving)
	pa.	1	amabor (I will be loved/being loved)	amabimur (we will be loved/being loved)
		2	amaberis/amabere (you will be loved/being loved)	amabimini (you will be loved/being loved)
		3	amabitur (he/she/it will be loved/being loved)	amabimini (you will be loved/being loved)
per.	act.	1	amavi (I loved/have loved)	amavimus (we loved/have loved)
		2	amavisti/amasti (you loved/have loved)	amavistis/amastis (you loved/have loved)
		3	amavit (he/she/it loved/has loved)	amaverunt/amavere (they loved/have loved)
	pa.	1	amatus/amata/amatum sum (I was loved/have been loved))	amati/amatae/amata sumus (we were loved/have been loved)
		2	amatus/amata/amatum es (you were loved/have been loved)	amati/amatae/amata estis (you were loved/have been loved)
		3	amatus/amata/amatum est (he/she/it was loved/has been loved)	amati/amatae/amata sunt (they were loved/have been loved)
plu.	act.	1	amaveram (I had loved)	amaveramus (we had loved)
		2	amaveras (you had loved)	amaveratis (you had loved)
		3	amaverat (he/she/it had loved)	amaverant (they had loved)
	pa.	1	amatus/amata/amatum eram (I had been loved)	amati/amatae/amata eramus (we had been loved)
		2	amatus/amata/amatum eras (you had been loved)	amati/amatae/amata eratis (you had been loved)
		3	amatus/amata/amatum erat (he/she/it had been loved)	amati/amatae/amata erant (they had been loved)
fu. per.	act.	1	amavero (I will have loved)	amaverimus (we will have loved)
		2	amaveris (you will have loved)	amaveritis (you will have loved)
		3	amaverit (he/she/it will have loved)	amaverint (they will have loved)
	pa.	1	amatus/amata/amatum ero (I will have been loved)	amati/amatae/amata erimus (we will have been loved)
		2	amatus/amata/amatum eris (you will have been loved)	amati/amatae/amata eritis (you will have been loved)
		3	amatus/amata/amatum erit (he/she/it will have been loved)	amati/amatae/amata erunt (they will have been loved)

Another example of 1st conjugation in the future perfect passive indicative:

cogito, cogitare, cogitavi, cogitatum v. I think
mon. sing. per. pa. part.: cogitus, cogita, cogitum

1st conjugation
cogito, cogitare, cogitavi, cogitatum
indicative
te.	vo.	p.	sing.	pl.
pre.	act.	1	cogito	cogitamus
		2	cogitas	cogitatis
		3	cogitat	cogitant
	pa.	1	cogitor	cogitamur
		2	cogitaris/cogitare	cogitamini
		3	cogitatur	cogitantur
imp.	act.	1	cogitabam	cogitabamus
		2	cogitabas	cogitabatis
		3	cogitabat	cogitabant
	pa.	1	cogitabar	cogitabamur
		2	cogitabaris/cogitabare	cogitabamini
		3	cogitabatur	cogitabantur
fu.	act.	1	cogitabo	cogitabimus
		2	cogitabis	cogitabitis
		3	cogitabit	cogitabunt
	pa.	1	cogitabor	cogitabibimur
		2	cogitaberis/cogitabere	cogitabibimini
		3	cogitabitur	cogitabibuntur
per.	act.	1	cogitavi	cogitavimus
		2	cogitavisti/cogitasti	cogitavistis/cogitastis
		3	cogitavit	cogitaverunt/cogitavere
	pa.	1	cogitus/cogita/cogitum sum	cogitus/cogita/cogitum sumus
		2	cogitus/cogita/cogitum es	cogitus/cogita/cogitum estis
		3	cogitus/cogita/cogitum est	cogitus/cogita/cogitum sunt
plu.	act.	1	cogitaveram	cogitaveramus
		2	cogitaveras	cogitaveratis
		3	cogitaverat	cogitaverant
	pa.	1	cogitus/cogita/cogitum eram	cogitus/cogita/cogitum eramus
		2	cogitus/cogita/cogitum eras	cogitus/cogita/cogitum eratis
		3	cogitus/cogita/cogitum erat	cogitus/cogita/cogitum erant
fu. per.	act.	1	cogitavero	cogataverimus
		2	cogataveris	cogataveritis
		3	cogataverit	cogataverint
	pa.	1	cogitus/cogita/cogitum ero	cogitus/cogita/cogitum erimus
		2	cogitus/cogita/cogitum eris	cogitus/cogita/cogitum eritis
		3	cogitus/cogita/cogitum erit	cogitus/cogita/cogitum erunt

An example of 2nd conjugation in the future perfect passive indicative:

abstineo, abstinēre, abstinui, abstentum v. I abstain
mon. sing. per. pa. part.: abstentus, abstenta, abstentum

2nd conjugation
abstineo, abstinēre, abstinui, abstentum
indicative
te.	vo.	p.	sing.	pl.
pre.	act.	1	abstineo	abstinemus
		2	abstines	abstinetis
		3	abstinet	abstinent
	pa.	1	abstineor	abstinemur
		2	abstineris/abstinere	abstinemini
		3	abstinetur	abstinentur
imp.	act.	1	abstinebam	abstinebamus
		2	abstinebas	abstinebatis
		3	abstinebat	abstinebant
	pa.	1	abstinebar	abstinebamur
		2	abstinebaris/abstinebare	abstinebamini
		3	abstinebatur	abstinebantur
fu.	act.	1	abstinebo	abstinebimus
		2	abstinebis	abstinebitis
		3	abstinebit	abstinebunt
	pa.	1	abstinebor	abstinebimur
		2	abstineberis/abstinebere	abstinebimini
		3	abstinebitur	abstinebuntur
per.	act.	1	abstinui	abstinuimus
		2	abstinuisti	abstinuistis
		3	abstinuit	abstinuerunt/abstinuere
	pa.	1	abstentus/abstenta/abstentum sum	abstentus/abstenta/abstentum sumus
		2	abstentus/abstenta/abstentum es	abstentus/abstenta/abstentum estis
		3	abstentus/abstenta/abstentum est	abstentus/abstenta/abstentum sunt
plu.	act.	1	abstinueram	abstinueramus
		2	abstinueras	abstinueratis
		3	abstinuerat	abstinuerant
	pa.	1	abstentus/abstenta/abstentum eram	abstentus/abstenta/abstentum eramus
		2	abstentus/abstenta/abstentum eras	abstentus/abstenta/abstentum eratis
		3	abstentus/abstenta/abstentum erat	abstentus/abstenta/abstentum erant
fu. per.	act.	1	abstinuero	abstinuerimus
		2	abstinueris	abstinueritis
		3	abstinuerit	abstinuerint
	pa.	1	abstentus/abstenta/abstentum ero	abstentus/abstenta/abstentum erimus
		2	abstentus/abstenta/abstentum eris	abstentus/abstenta/abstentum eritis
		3	abstentus/abstenta/abstentum erit	abstentus/abstenta/abstentum erunt

Another example of 2nd conjugation in the future perfect passive indicative:

debeo, debēre, debui, debitum v. I have
mon. sing. per. pa. part.: debitus, debita, debitum

2nd conjugation
debeo, debēre, debui, debitum
indicative
te.	vo.	p.	sing.	pl.
pre.	act.	1	debeo	debemus
		2	vdebes	debetis
		3	debet	debent
	pa.	1	debeor	debemur
		2	debris/debere	debemini
		3	debetur	debentur
imp.	act.	1	debebam	debebamus
		2	debebas	debebatis
		3	debebat	debebant
	pa.	1	debebar	debebamur
		2	debebaris/debebaree	debebamini
		3	debebatur	debebantur
fu.	act.	1	debebo	debebimus
		2	debebis	debebitis
		3	debebit	debebunt
	pa.	1	debebor	debebimur
		2	debeberis/debebere	debebimini
		3	debebitur	debebuntur
per.	act.	1	debui	debuimus
		2	debuisti	debuistis
		3	debuit	debuerunt/debuere
	pa.	1	debitus/debita/debitum sum	debitus/debita/debitum sumus
		2	debitus/debita/debitum es	debitus/debita/debitum estis
		3	debitus/debita/debitum est	debitus/debita/debitum sunt
plu.	act.	1	debueram	debueramus
		2	debueras	debueratis
		3	debuerat	debuerant
	pa.	1	debitus/debita/debitum eram	debitus/debita/debitum eramus
		2	debitus/debita/debitum eras	debitus/debita/debitum eratis
		3	debitus/debita/debitum erat	debitus/debita/debitum erant
fu. per.	act.	1	debuero	debuerimus
		2	debueris	debueritis
		3	debuerit	debuerint
	pa.	1	debitus/debita/debitum ero	debitus/debita/debitum erimus
		2	debitus/debita/debitum eris	debitus/debita/debitum eritis
		3	debitus/debita/debitum erit	debitus/debita/debitum erunt

An example of 3rd conjugation in the future perfect passive indicative:

credo, credere, credidi, creditum v. I believe
mon. sing. per. pa. part.: creditus, credita, creditum

3rd conjugation
credo, credere, credidi, creditum
indicative
te.	vo.	p.	sing.	pl.
pre.	act.	1	credo	credimus
		2	credis	creditis
		3	credit	credunt
	pa.	1	credor	credimur
		2	crederis/credere	credimini
		3	creditur	creduntur
imp.	act.	1	credebam	credebamus
		2	credebas	credebatis
		3	credebat	credebant
	pa.	1	credebar	credebamur
		2	credebaris/credebare	credebamini
		3	credebatur	credebantur
fu.	act.	1	credam	credemus
		2	credes	credetis
		3	credet	credent
	pa.	1	credar	credemur
		2	crederis/credere	credemini
		3	credetur	credentur
per.	act.	1	credidi	credidimus
		2	credidisti	credidistis
		3	credidit	crediderunt/credidere
	pa.	1	creditus/credita/creditum sum	creditus/credita/creditum sumus
		2	creditus/credita/creditum es	creditus/credita/creditum estis
		3	creditus/credita/creditum est	creditus/credita/creditum sunt
plu.	act.	1	credideram	credideramus
		2	credideratis	debueratis
		3	crediderat	crediderant
	pa.	1	creditus/credita/creditum eram	creditus/credita/creditum eramus
		2	creditus/credita/creditum eras	creditus/credita/creditum eratis
		3	creditus/credita/creditum erat	creditus/credita/creditum erant
fu. per.	act.	1	credidero	crediderimus
		2	credideris	credideritis
		3	crediderit	crediderint
	pa.	1	creditus/credita/creditum ero	creditus/credita/creditum erimus
		2	creditus/credita/creditum eris	creditus/credita/creditum eritis
		3	creditus/credita/creditum erit	creditus/credita/creditum erunt

Another example of 3rd conjugation in the future perfect passive indicative:

desero, deserere, deserui, desertum v. I desert, I abandon
mon. sing. per. pa. part.: desertus, deserta, desertum

3rd conjugation
desero, deserere, deserui, desertum
indicative
te.	vo.	p.	sing.	pl.
pre.	act.	1	desero	deserimus
		2	deseritis	deseritis
		3	deserit	deserunt
	pa.	1	deseror	deserimur
		2	desereris/deserere	deserimini
		3	deseritur	deseruntur
imp.	act.	1	deserebam	deserebamus
		2	deserebas	deserebatis
		3	deserebat	deserebant
	pa.	1	deserebar	deserebamur
		2	deserebaris/deserebare	deserebamini
		3	deserebatur	deserebantur
fu.	act.	1	deseram	deseremus
		2	deseres	deseretis
		3	deseret	deserent
	pa.	1	deserar	deseremur
		2	desereris/deserere	deseremini
		3	deseretur	deserentur
per.	act.	1	deserui	deseruimus
		2	deseruisti	deseruistis
		3	deseruit	deseruerunt/deseruere
	pa.	1	desertus/deserta/desertum sum	desertus/deserta/desertum sumus
		2	desertus/deserta/desertum es	desertus/deserta/desertum estis
		3	desertus/deserta/desertum est	desertus/deserta/desertum sunt
plu.	act.	1	deserueram	deserueramus
		2	deserueras	deserueratis
		3	deseruerat	deseruerant
	pa.	1	desertus/deserta/desertum eram	desertus/deserta/desertum eramus
		2	desertus/deserta/desertum eras	desertus/deserta/desertum eratis
		3	desertus/deserta/desertum erat	desertus/deserta/desertum erant
fu. per.	act.	1	deseruero	deseruerimus
		2	deserueris	deserueritis
		3	deseruerit	deseruerint
	pa.	1	desertus/deserta/desertum ero	desertus/deserta/desertum erimus
		2	desertus/deserta/desertum eris	desertus/deserta/desertum eritis
		3	desertus/deserta/desertum erit	desertus/deserta/desertum erunt

An example of 3rd-io conjugation in the future perfect passive indicative:

capio, capere, cepi, captum v. I capture
mon. sing. per. pa. part.: captus, capta, captum

3rd-io conjugation
capio, capere, cepi, captum
indicative
te.	vo.	p.	sing.	pl.
pre.	act.	1	capio	capimus
		2	capis	capitis
		3	capt	capiunt
	pa.	1	capior	capimur
		2	caperis/capere	capimini
		3	capitur	capiuntur
imp.	act.	1	capiebam	capiebamus
		2	capiebas	capiebatis
		3	capiebat	capiebant
	pa.	1	capiebar	capiebamur
		2	capiebaris/capiebare	capiebamini
		3	capiebatur	capiebantur
fu.	act.	1	capiam	capiemus
		2	capies	capietis
		3	capiet	capient
	pa.	1	capiar	capiemur
		2	capieris/capiere	capiemini
		3	capietur	capientur
per.	act.	1	cepi	cepimus
		2	cepisti	cepistis
		3	cepit	ceperunt/cepere
	pa.	1	captus/capta/captum sum	captus/capta/captum sumus
		2	captus/capta/captum es	captus/capta/captum estis
		3	captus/capta/captum est	captus/capta/captum sunt
plu.	act.	1	ceperam	ceperamus
		2	ceperas	ceperatis
		3	ceperat	ceperant
	pa.	1	captus/capta/captum eram	captus/capta/captum eramus
		2	captus/capta/captum eras	captus/capta/captum eratis
		3	captus/capta/captum erat	captus/capta/captum erant
fu. per.	act.	1	cepero	ceperimus
		2	ceperis	ceperitis
		3	ceperit	ceperint
	pa.	1	captus/capta/captum ero	captus/capta/captum erimus
		2	captus/capta/captum eris	captus/capta/captum eritis
		3	captus/capta/captum erit	captus/capta/captum erunt

Another example of 3rd-io conjugation in the future perfect passive indicative:

pario, parere, peperi, partum v. I bear, I give birth to
mon. sing. per. pa. part.: partus, parta, partum

3rd-io conjugation
pario, parere, peperi, partum
indicative
te.	vo.	p.	sing.	pl.
pre.	act.	1	pario	parimus
		2	paris	paritis
		3	parit	pariunt
	pa.	1	parior	parimur
		2	pareris/parere	parimini
		3	paritur	pariuntur
imp.	act.	1	pariebam	pariebamus
		2	pariebas	pariebatis
		3	pariebat	pariebant
	pa.	1	pariebar	pariebamur
		2	pariebaris/pariebare	pariebamini
		3	pariebatur	pariebantur
fu.	act.	1	pariam	pariemus
		2	paries	parietis
		3	pariet	parient
	pa.	1	pariar	pariemur
		2	parieris/pariere	pariemini
		3	parietur	parientur
per.	act.	1	peperi	peperimus
		2	peperisti	peperistis
		3	peperit	pepererunt/peperere
	pa.	1	partus/parta/partum sum	partus/parta/partum sumus
		2	partus/parta/partum es	partus/parta/partum estis
		3	partus/parta/partum est	partus/parta/partum sunt
plu.	act.	1	pepereram	pepereramus
		2	pepereras	pepereratis
		3	pepererat	pepererant
	pa.	1	partus/parta/partum eram	partus/parta/partum eramus
		2	partus/parta/partum eras	partus/parta/partum eratis
		3	partus/parta/partum erat	partus/parta/partum erant
fu. per.	act.	1	peperero	pepererimus
		2	pepereris	pepereritis
		3	pepererit	pepererint
	pa.	1	partus/parta/partum ero	partus/parta/partum erimus
		2	partus/parta/partum eris	partus/parta/partum eritis
		3	partus/parta/partum erit	partus/parta/partum erunt

An example of 4th conjugation in the future perfect passive indicative:

definio, definire, definivi, definitum v. I define
mon. sing. per. pa. part.: definitus, definita, definitum

4th conjugation
definio, definire, definivi, definitum
indicative
te.	vo.	p.	sing.	pl.
pre.	act.	1	definio	definimus
		2	definis	definitis
		3	definit	definiunt
	pa.	1	definior	definimur
		2	definiris/definire	definimini
		3	definitur	definiuntur
imp.	act.	1	definiebam	definiebamus
		2	definiebas	definiebatis
		3	definiebat	definiebant
	pa.	1	definiebar	definiebamur
		2	definiebaris/definiebare	definiebamini
		3	definiebatur	definiebantur
fu.	act.	1	definiam	definiemus
		2	definies	definietis
		3	definiet	definient
	pa.	1	definiar	definiemur
		2	definieris/definiere	definiemini
		3	definietur	definientur
per.	act.	1	definivi	definivimus
		2	definivisti/definisti	definivistis/definistis
		3	definivit	definiverunt/definivere
	pa.	1	definitus/definita/definitum sum	definitus/definita/definitum sumus
		2	definitus/definita/definitum es	definitus/definita/definitum estis
		3	definitus/definita/definitum est	definitus/definita/definitum sunt
plu.	act.	1	definiveram	definiveramus
		2	definiveras	definiveratis
		3	definiverat	definiverant
	pa.	1	definitus/definita/definitum eram	definitus/definita/definitum eramus
		2	definitus/definita/definitum eras	definitus/definita/definitum eratis
		3	definitus/definita/definitum erat	definitus/definita/definitum erant
fu. per.	act.	1	definivero	definiverimus
		2	definiveris	definiveritis
		3	definiverit	definiverint
	pa.	1	definitus/definita/definitum ero	definitus/definita/definitum erimus
		2	definitus/definita/definitum eris	definitus/definita/definitum eritis
		3	definitus/definita/definitum erit	definitus/definita/definitum erunt

Another example of 4th conjugation in the future perfect passive indicative:

impedio, impedire, impedivi, impeditum v. I impede
mon. sing. per. pa. part.: impeditus, impedita, impeditum

4th conjugation
impedio, impedire, impedivi, impeditum
indicative
te.	vo.	p.	sing.	pl.
pre.	act.	1	impedio	impedimus
		2	impedis	impeditis
		3	impedit	impediunt
	pa.	1	impedior	impedimur
		2	impediris/impedire	impedimini
		3	impeditur	impediuntur
imp.	act.	1	impediebam	impediebamus
		2	impediebas	impediebatis
		3	impediebat	impediebant
	pa.	1	impediebar	impediebamur
		2	impediebaris/impediebare	impediebamini
		3	impediebatur	impediebantur
fu.	act.	1	imdediam	impediemus
		2	impedies	impedietis
		3	impediet	impedient
	pa.	1	impediar	impediemur
		2	impedieris/impediere	impediemini
		3	impedietur	impedientur
per.	act.	1	impedivi	impedivimus
		2	impedivisti/impedisti	impedivistis/impedistis
		3	impedivit	impediverunt/impedivere
	pa.	1	impeditus/impeita/impeditum sum	impeditus/impeita/impeditum sumus
		2	impeditus/impeita/impeditum es	impeditus/impeita/impeditum estis
		3	impeditus/impeita/impeditum est	impeditus/impeita/impeditum sunt
plu.	act.	1	impediveram	impediveramus
		2	impediveras	impediveratis
		3	impediverat	impediverant
	pa.	1	impeditus/impeita/impeditum eram	impeditus/impeita/impeditum eramus
		2	impeditus/impeita/impeditum eras	impeditus/impeita/impeditum eratis
		3	impeditus/impeita/impeditum erat	impeditus/impeita/impeditum erant
fu. per.	act.	1	impedivero	impediverimus
		2	impediveris	impediveritis
		3	impediverit	impediverint
	pa.	1	impeditus/impeita/impeditum ero	impeditus/impeita/impeditum erimus
		2	impeditus/impeita/impeditum eris	impeditus/impeita/impeditum eritis
		3	impeditus/impeita/impeditum erit	impeditus/impeita/impeditum erunt

Clementine Vulgate (1685)	Stuttgart Vulgate	Nova Vulgata	Abbreviations
Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numeri Deuteronomium Iosue Liber Iudicum Ruth Regum primus Regum secundus Regum tertius Regum quartus Paralipomenon primus Paralipomenon secundus Esdræ primus Esdræ secundus Tobias Iudith Esther Iob Liber Psalmorum Proverbia Salomonis Ecclesiastes Canticum Canticorum Sapientiae Ecclesiasticus Isaias Ieremias Lamentationes Baruch Ezechiel Daniel Osee Joel Amos Abdias Ionas Michæas Nahum Habacuc Sophonias Aggæus Zacharias Malachias Machabæorum primus Machabæorum secundus	Liber Genesis Liber Exodi Liber Levitici Liber Numerorum Liber Deuteronomii Liber Josue Liber Judicum Liber Ruth Liber I Regnum Liber II Regnum Liber III Regnum Liber IV Regnum Liber I Paralipomenon Liber II Paralipomenon Liber I Esdrae Liber II Esdrae Liber Tobiae Liber Iudith Liber Hester Liber Iob Liber Psalmorum Liber Proverbiorum Liber Ecclesiastes Canticum Canticorum Liber Sapientiae Liber Iesu Filii Sirach Isaias Propheta Hieremias Propheta Lamentationes Liber Baruch Hiezechiel Propheta Danihel Propheta Osee Propheta Iohel Propheta Amos Propheta Abdias Propheta Ionas Propheta Micha Propheta Nahum Propheta Abacuc Propheta Sophonias Propheta Aggaeus Propheta Zacharias Propheta Malachi Propheta Liber I Maccabaeorum Liber II Maccabaeorum	Liber Genesis Liber Exodus Liber Leviticus Liber Numeri Liber Deuteronomii Liber Iosue Liber Iudicum Liber Ruth Liber I Samuelis Liber II Samuelis Liber I Regum Liber II Regum Liber I Paralipomenon Liber II Paralipomenon Liber Esdrae Liber Nehemiae Liber Thobis Liber Iudith Liber Esther Liber Iob Liber Psalmorum Liber Proverbiorum Liber Ecclesiastes Canticum Canticorum Liber Sapientiae Liber Ecclesiasticus Liber Isaiae Liber Ieremiae Lamentationes Liber Baruch Prophetia Ezechielis Prophetia Danielis Prophetia Osee Prophetia Ioel Prophetia Amos Prophetia Abdiae Prophetia Ionae Prophetia Michaeae Prophetia Nahum Prophetia Habacuc Prophetia Sophoniae Prophetia Aggaei Prophetia Zachariae Prophetia Malachiae Liber I Maccabaeorum Liber II Maccabaeorum	Gn Ex Lv Nm Dt Ios Ide Rt I Rg (I Sm) II Rg (II Sm) III Rg IV Rg I Par II Par I Esr II Esr Tb Idt Est Iob Ps (G), Ps (H) Prv Ecl Ct Sap Sir Is Ier Lam Bar Ez Dn Os Ioel Am Abd Ion Mi Na Hab So Agg Za Mal I Mcc II Mcc
Evangelium secundum Matthaeum Evangelium secundum Marcum Evangelium secundum Lucam Evangelium secundum Ioannem Actus Apostolorum Pauli Epistola ad Romanos ad Corinthios I ad Corinthios II ad Galatas ad Ephesios ad Philippenses ad Colossenses ad Thessalonicenses I ad Thessalonicenses II ad Timotheum I ad Timotheum II ad Titum ad Philemon ad Hebraeos Iacobi Epistola Petri Epistola I Petri Epistola II Ioannis Epistola I Ioannis Epistola II Ioannis Epistola III Iudae Epistola Apocalypsis	Secundum Matthaeum Secundum Marcum Secundum Lucam Secundum Iohannem Actus Apostolorum Epistulae Pauli ad Romanos ad Corinthios I ad Corinthios II ad Galatas ad Ephesios ad Philippenses ad Colossenses ad Thessalonicenses I ad Thessalonicenses II ad Timotheum I ad Timotheum II ad Titum ad Philemonem ad Hebraeos Epistula Iacobi Epistula Petri I Epistula Petri II Epistula Iohannis I Epistula Iohannis II Epistula Iohannis III Epistula Iudae Apocalypsis Ioahnnis	Evangelium secundum Matthaeum Evangelium secundum Marcum Evangelium secundum Lucam Evangelium secundum Ioannem Actus Apostolorum Epistula ad Romanos Epistula I ad Corinthios Epistula II ad Corinthios Epistula ad Galatas Epistula ad Ephesios Epistula ad Philippenses Epistula ad Colossenses Epistula I ad Thessalonicenses Epistula II ad Thessalonicenses Epistula I ad Timotheum Epistula II ad Timotheum Epistula ad Titum Epistulam ad Philemonem Epistula ad Hebraeos Epistula Iacobi Epistula I Petri Epistula II Petri Epistula I Ioannis Epistula II Ioannis Epistula III Ioannis Epistula Iudae Apocalypsis Ioannis	Mt Mc Lc Io Act Rm I Cor II Cor Gal Eph Phil Col I Th Ii Th I Tim II Tim Tit Phlm Hbr Iac I Pt II Pt I Io II Io III Io Iud Apc
Oratio Manassae Esdrae liber tertius Esdrae liber quartus	Oratio Manasse Liber Ezrae III Liber Ezrae IIII Psalmus CLI Epistula ad Laodicenses		Or Man III Esr IV Esr Ps CLI Laod

Septuagint	Hebrew Bible
1-8
9-10	9
11	10
12	11
⋮	⋮
113	112
114-115	113
116	114-115
117	116
118	117
⋮	⋮
146	145
147	146-147
148-150

Books	Abbreviations
Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Joshua Judges Ruth 1 Samuel 2 Samuel 1 Kings 2 Kings 1 Chronicles 2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Tobit Judith Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song of Songs Wisdom Sirach (Ecclesiasticus) Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Baruch Ezekiel Daniel Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi	Gn Ex Lv Nm Dt Jos Jgs Ru 1 Sm 2 Sm 1 Kgs 2 Kgs 1 Chr 2 Chr Ezr Neh Tb Jdt Est 1 Mc 2 Mc Jb Ps(s) Prv Eccl Sg Wis Sir Is Jer Lam Bar Ez Dn Hos Jl Am Ob Jon Mi Na Hb Zep Hg Zec Mal
Matthew Mark Luke John Acts Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Revelation	Mt Mk Lk Jn Acts Rom 1 Cor 2 Cor Gal Eph Phil Col 1 Thes 2 Thes 1 Tm 2 Tm Ti Phlm Heb Jas 1 Pt 2 Pt 1 Jn 2 Jn 3 Jn Jude Rev

-1st cent BC	Old Latin
1st BC-3rd cent	Classical Latin
3rd-6th cent	Late Latin
6th cent-Present	Ecclesiastical Latin
1300-1600	Renaissance Latin
1375-1900	New Latin
1900-Present	Contemporary Latin

noun	is inflected for	case (nominative/genitive/dative/accusative/ablative/vocative/locative) number (singular/plural)
pronoun adjective participle	are inflected for	gender case number
verb	is inflected for	person (1st/2nd/3rd) number tense (present/imperfect/future/perfect/pluperfect/future perfect) voice (active/passive) mood (indicative/subjunctive/imperative)

	tense	English equivalent	example
primary tenses	present	simple present present progressive	I teach. I am teaching.
primary tenses	perfect	simple past present perfect	I taught. I have taught.
secondary tenses	imperfect	past progressive	I was teaching.
secondary tenses	pluperfect	past perfect	I had taught.
primary tenses	future	simple future future progressive	I will teach. I will be teaching.
primary tenses	future perfect	future perfect	I will have taught.

Table of Contents

I. Books of the Vulgate

II. Abbreviations

1. Abbreviated Titles of Biblical Books

2. Abbreviations for Grammatical Terms

1. History of Latin

1.1. Old Latin

1.2. Classical Latin

1.3. Late Latin

1.4. Ecclesiastical Latin

1.5. Renaissance Latin

1.6. New Latin

2. History of Vulgate

2.1. Vetus Latina

2.2. Vulgate

2.3. Sistine Vulgate (Vulgata Sixtina, 1590)

2.4. Clementine Vulgate (Vulgata Sixto-Clementina, Sixto-Clementine Vulgate, 1592)

2.5. Stuttgart Vulgate (Weber-Gryson Vulgate, 1969)

2.6. Neo-Vulgate (Nova Vulgata, 1979)

3. Latin Alphabet

4. Pronunciation

4.1. Vowels and Consonants

4.2. Rules of Pronunciation

4.3. Diphthongs

4.4. Syllabication

4.5. Accent

4.6. Enclitic

4.7. Long Vowels

5. Inflection

6. Noun I

6.1. Genders

6.1.1. Fixed Gender

6.1.2. Multiple Gender

6.1.3. Context-Determined Gender

6.2. Numbers

6.3. Article

6.4. Case

6.4.1. Nominative Case

6.4.2. Genitive Case

6.4.3. Dative Case

6.4.4. Accusative Case

6.4.5. Ablative Case

6.4.6. Vocative Case

6.4.7. Locative Case I

6.5. Declension: Introduction

6.6. 1st Declension

6.6.1. Feminine

6.6.2. Masculine

6.6.3. Non-Regular

7. Preposition

8. Noun II

8.1. 2nd Declension

8.1.1. Masculine

8.1.2. Feminine

8.1.3. Neuter

8.1.4. Irregular

8.2. 3rd Declension

8.2.1. Masculine and Feminine

8.2.2. Neuter

8.2.3. Irregular

8.3. 3rd Declension: i-Stem

8.3.1. Masculine and Feminine

8.3.1.1. Monosyllabic

8.3.1.2. Parisyllabic

8.3.2. Neuter

8.3.3. Irregular

8.4. 4th Declension

8.4.1. Masculine and Feminine

8.4.2. Neuter

8.4.3. Irregular

8.5. 5th Declension

8.6. Indeclinable Nouns

8.7. Locative Case II

8.7.1. Locative 1st and 2nd Declension Locative Singular

8.7.2. Locative Plural

8.7.3. 3rd Declension/3rd Declension i-Stem Locatives

8.9. Nouns in Multiple Declensions

9. Adjective

9.1. 1st/2nd Declension Adjectives

9.2. 3rd Declension Adjectives